Movement Analysis by means of inertial sensors: from bench to bedside

in the everyday clinical practice. Having this in mind, the choice of a simple setup would not be enough because, even if the setup is quick and simple, the instrumental assessment would still be in addition to the daily routine. The will to overcome this limit has led to the idea of instrumenting already existing and widely used functional tests. In this way the sensor based assessment becomes an integral part of the clinical assessment. Reliable and validated signal processing methods have been successfully implemented in Personal Health Systems based on smartphone technology. At the end of this research project there is evidence that such solution can really and easily used in clinical practice in both supervised and unsupervised settings. Smartphone based solution, together or in place of dedicated wearable sensing units, can truly become a pervasive and low-cost means for providing suitable testing solutions for quantitative movement analysis with a clear clinical value, ultimately providing enhanced balance and mobility support to an aging population.

Novita' sul mercato dei sistemi di pagamento: Gli istituti di pagamento e gli istituti di moneta elettronica

La presente trattazione analizza le novità normative apportate dalle recenti direttive europee sui servizi di pagamento e sulla moneta elettronica (rispettivamente la direttiva 2007/64/CE, c.c. Payment Services Directive o PSD, e la direttiva 2009/110/CE, detta Electronic Money Directive 2 o EMD2). Al fine di incrementare la competitività dei servizi di pagamento, sono stati introdotti nuovi prestatori di servizi di pagamento, non bancari, gli Istituti di Pagamento (IP) e gli Istituti di Moneta Elettronica (IMEL), a cui è stata attribuita la possibilità di far ricorso al contratto di conto di pagamento per la gestione dei servizi di pagamento con possibilità di finanziamento agli utenti. La prima parte della presente trattazione è dedicata alla configurazione giuridica dei nuovi prestatori di servizi di pagamento, influenzante la diffusione dei pagamenti digitali e della moneta elettronica. La seconda parte è rivolta alla ricostruzione giuridica del conto di pagamento, contratto – tipo per la gestione in conto dei servizi di pagamento, ed all’analisi delle modalità di erogazione dei finanziamenti agli utenti. Le direttive predette hanno inoltre attribuito ad IP ed IMEL la facoltà di emettere le carte di pagamento a spendibilità generalizzata, ossia carte di debito e carte di credito. In quanto abilitati all’emissione di moneta elettronica, gli IMEL possono inoltre emettere i c.d. borsellini di moneta elettronica, cioè i dispositivi di memorizzazione e di movimentazione della moneta elettronica. Nella terza parte della trattazione vengono, pertanto, presi in analisi la natura di tali strumenti di pagamento e le differenze intercorrenti rispetto agli affini strumenti bancari. In particolare, ampio spazio è dedicato alla ricostruzione giuridica dei borsellini di moneta elettronica, la cui diffusione tra gli utenti potrebbe avere l’effetto di favorire la progressiva digitalizzazione dei pagamenti e la realizzazione della cashless society.

Essays in Industrial Organization and Information Technology

Chapter 1 studies how consumers’ switching costs affect the pricing and profits of firms competing in two-sided markets such as Apple and Google in the smartphone market. When two-sided markets are dynamic – rather than merely static – I show that switching costs lower the first-period price if network externalities are strong, which is in contrast to what has been found in one-sided markets. By contrast, switching costs soften price competition in the initial period if network externalities are weak and consumers are more patient than the platforms. Moreover, an increase in switching costs on one side decreases the first-period price on the other side. Chapter 2 examines firms’ incentives to invest in local and flexible resources when demand is uncertain and correlated. I find that market power of the monopolist providing flexible resources distorts investment incentives, while competition mitigates them. The extent of improvement depends critically on demand correlation and the cost of capacity: under social optimum and monopoly, if the flexible resource is cheap, the relationship between investment and correlation is positive, and if it is costly, the relationship becomes negative; under duopoly, the relationship is positive. The analysis also sheds light on some policy discussions in markets such as cloud computing. Chapter 3 develops a theory of sequential investments in cybersecurity. The regulator can use safety standards and liability rules to increase security. I show that the joint use of an optimal standard and a full liability rule leads to underinvestment ex ante and overinvestment ex post. Instead, switching to a partial liability rule can correct the inefficiencies. This suggests that to improve security, the regulator should encourage not only firms, but also consumers to invest in security.

Ultrasensitive chemiluminescence bioassays based on microfluidics in miniaturized analytical devices

The activity carried out during my PhD was principally addressed to the development of portable microfluidic analytical devices based on biospecific molecular recognition reactions and CL detection. In particular, the development of biosensors required the study of different materials and procedures for their construction, with particular attention to the development of suitable immobilization procedures, fluidic systems and the selection of the suitable detectors. Different methods were exploited, such as gene probe hybridization assay or immunoassay, based on different platform (functionalized glass slide or nitrocellulose membrane) trying to improve the simplicity of the assay procedure. Different CL detectors were also employed and compared with each other in the search for the best compromise between portability and sensitivity. The work was therefore aimed at miniaturization and simplification of analytical devices and the study involved all aspects of the system, from the analytical methodology to the type of detector, in order to combine high sensitivity with easiness-of-use and rapidity. The latest development involving the use of smartphone as chemiluminescent detector paves the way for a new generation of analytical devices in the clinical diagnostic field thanks to the ideal combination of sensibility a simplicity of the CL with the day-by-day increase in the performance of the new generation smartphone camera. Moreover, the connectivity and data processing offered by smartphones can be exploited to perform analysis directly at home with simple procedures. The system could eventually be used to monitor patient health and directly notify the physician of the analysis results allowing a decrease in costs and an increase in the healthcare availability and accessibility.