Export Supply Chain Organization and Food Safety and Quality Standards: a case study of the Moroccan Fruit and Vegetable Sector

Agri-food supply chains extend beyond national boundaries, partially facilitated by a policy environment that encourages more liberal international trade. Rising concentration within the downstream sector has driven a shift towards “buyer-driven” global value chains (GVCs) extending internationally with global sourcing and the emergence of multinational key economic players that compete with increase emphasis on product quality attributes. Agri-food systems are thus increasingly governed by a range of inter-related public and private standards, both of which are becoming a priori mandatory, especially in supply chains for high-value and quality-differentiated agri-food products and tend to strongly affect upstream agricultural practices, firms’ internal organization and strategic behaviour and to shape the food chain organization. Notably, increasing attention has been given to the impact of SPS measures on agri-food trade and notably on developing countries’ export performance. Food and agricultural trade is the vital link in the mutual dependency of the global trade system and developing countries. Hence, developing countries derive a substantial portion of their income from food and agricultural trade. In Morocco, fruit and vegetable (especially fresh) are the primary agricultural export. Because of the labor intensity, this sector (especially citrus and tomato) is particularly important in terms of income and employment generation, especially for the female laborers hired in the farms and packing houses. Hence, the emergence of agricultural and agrifood product safety issues and the subsequent tightening of market requirements have challenged mutual gains due to the lack of technical and financial capacities of most developing countries.

Il vocabolario del potere fra intento etico-morale e tutela sociale. I lemmi dei Capitolari Carolingi nel Regnum Italicum (774-813)

Il vocabolario del potere fra intento etico-morale e tutela sociale. I lemmi dei Capitolari Carolingi nel Regnum Italicum (774-813), costituisce il risultato di una ricerca condotta sul lessico della legislazione carolingia promulgata per il Regno Italico dal momento della conquista dei Franchi sino alla morte di Carlomagno. L’analisi ha preso in esame tutti i lemmi, soprattutto sostantivi e aggettivi, riconducibili alla sfera etica e morale, e alla concezione della libertà della persona. Il lavoro si è giovato delle analisi più specifiche in merito ai concetti giuridico-istituzionali che fonti normative come quelle prese in esame portano inevitabilmente in primo piano. La ricerca, partita da una completa catalogazione dei lemmi, si è concentrata su quelli che maggiormente consentissero di valutare le interazioni fra la corte intellettuale dei primi carolingi – formata come noto da uomini di chiesa – e le caratteristiche di pensiero di quegli uomini, un pensiero sociale e istituzionale insieme. Il lavoro ha analizzato un lessico specifico per indagare come la concezione tradizionale della societas Christiana si esprimesse nella legislazione attraverso lemmi ed espressioni formulari peculiari: la scelta di questi da parte del Rex e della sua cerchia avrebbe indicato alla collettività una pacifica convivenza e definito contestualmente “l’intento ordinatore e pacificatore” del sovrano. L’analisi è stata condotta su un periodo breve ma assai significativo – un momento di frattura politica importante – per cogliere, proprio sfruttando la sovrapposizione e talvolta lo scontro fra i diversi usi di cancelleria del regno longobardo prima e carolingio poi, la volontarietà o meno da parte dei sovrani nell’uso di un lessico specifico. Questo diventa il problema centrale della tesi: tale lessico impone con la sua continuità d’uso modelli politici o invece è proprio un uso consapevole e strumentale di un determinato apparato lessicale che intende imporre alla società nuovi modelli di convivenza?

La vita culturale ebraica a Candia nei secoli XIV-XVI: l'impatto dell'immigrazione sulla cultura della comunità locale

La tesi ha per oggetto la cultura ebraica cretese nei secoli XIV-XVI e, in particolare, l’influsso esercitato su di essa dalla cultura e dalle tradizioni degli ebrei sefarditi e ashkenaziti che cominciarono a stabilirsi sull’isola a partire dalla metà del Trecento. La tesi si basa da un lato su fonti amministrative e notarili e, dall’altro, sui manoscritti ebraici prodotti o portati a Candia nel periodo considerato. Il primo capitolo tratta della comunità ebraica nel primo Cinquecento e porta nuove notizie a proposito della geografia della zudeca, delle sue sinagoghe, della sua composizione sociale, dell’entità della sua popolazione e della biografia del principale leader spirituale e culturale attivo a Candia a quell’epoca: Elia Capsali. Il secondo capitolo offre una panoramica sull’immigrazione ebraica a Candia nei secoli XIV-XV. Il terzo capitolo esplora alcune particolarità della liturgia sinagogale elaborata dagli ebrei candioti sotto l’influsso della tradizione ashkenazita. Il quarto capitolo tratta di due liste di libri databili alla seconda metà del Quattrocento (Bologna, Biblioteca Universitaria, ms. 3574 B) e suggerisce di considerarle come indicative del peso che ebbero alcuni immigrati ebrei catalani nella diffusione della cultura medica sefardita a Candia. Il quinto capitolo è dedicato al medico, filosofo e astronomo Mosheh ben Yehudah Galiano, il quale visse a Candia tra la seconda metà degli anni Venti del Cinquecento e il 1543. L’ultimo capitolo tratta degli effetti provocati dall’epidemia di peste del 1592-95 all’interno della zudeca di Candia.

Carbonate conical mounds of the eastern Anti-Atlas(Morocco) and their relationship with potential analogues on Mars

Longstanding debates concerning the origin of the Kess Kess Emsian carbonate mounds exposed at Hamar Laghdad Ridge (eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco) centre around the processes that induced precipitation of carbonate mud and the preservation of steep morphologies. Although in the last years an origin related to hydrothermalism seemed to be more likely, to date the Kess Kess are still considered controversial vent deposits. This study combines in updated research review information from previous work and new detailed field observations coupled with new analytical results to define a consistent framework and some new insight of current knowledge about the origin of these mounds. We obtain a complete minero-petrographic and palaeobiological data set and a detailed geochemical characterization of the different lithologies and facies of the Hamar Laghdad stratigraphic succession, including mounds, and we compared the results with the data from Maïder Basin mounds (Anti-Atlas, Morocco). Our data support the hydrothermal model proposed for the genesis and development of the Kess Kess mounds. The mechanisms linked to the mounds formation and growth are discussed in the light of the new finding of fluid-sediment interaction within a scenario driven by late magmatic fluids circulation. Conical mounds and other fluids related morphologies were also reported from Crommelin crater area (Arabia Terra, Mars). These mounds consist in meter-sized conical buildups hosted in the Equatorial Layered Deposits (ELDs) deposed during a regional groundwater fluid upwelling. Geometries and geological conditions that might have controlled the development of such morphologies were discussed. According to our data the morphological and stratigraphical characteristics of Crommelin area mounds are most consistent with a formation by fluids advection. Then we compare terrestrial and Martian data and examine the geological settings of hydrothermal mound occurrences on Earth in order to describe potential target areas for hydrothermal structures on Mars.

Physical and mineralogical changes of Hungarian monumental stones exposed to different conditions: stone-testing in-situ and under laboratory conditions

The Székesfehérvár Ruin Garden is a unique assemblage of monuments belonging to the cultural heritage of Hungary due to its important role in the Middle Ages as the coronation and burial church of the Kings of the Hungarian Christian Kingdom. It has been nominated for “National Monument” and as a consequence, its protection in the present and future is required. Moreover, it was reconstructed and expanded several times throughout Hungarian history. By a quick overview of the current state of the monument, the presence of several lithotypes can be found among the remained building and decorative stones. Therefore, the research related to the materials is crucial not only for the conservation of that specific monument but also for other historic structures in Central Europe. The current research is divided in three main parts: i) description of lithologies and their provenance, ii) physical properties testing of historic material and iii) durability tests of analogous stones obtained from active quarries. The survey of the National Monument of Székesfehérvár, focuses on the historical importance and the architecture of the monument, the different construction periods, the identification of the different building stones and their distribution in the remaining parts of the monument and it also included provenance analyses. The second one was the in situ and laboratory testing of physical properties of historic material. As a final phase samples were taken from local quarries with similar physical and mineralogical characteristics to the ones used in the monument. The three studied lithologies are: fine oolitic limestone, a coarse oolitic limestone and a red compact limestone. These stones were used for rock mechanical and durability tests under laboratory conditions. The following techniques were used: a) in-situ: Schmidt Hammer Values, moisture content measurements, DRMS, mapping (construction ages, lithotypes, weathering forms) b) laboratory: petrographic analysis, XRD, determination of real density by means of helium pycnometer and bulk density by means of mercury pycnometer, pore size distribution by mercury intrusion porosimetry and by nitrogen adsorption, water absorption, determination of open porosity, DRMS, frost resistance, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, uniaxial compressive strength test and dynamic modulus of elasticity. The results show that initial uniaxial compressive strength is not necessarily a clear indicator of the stone durability. Bedding and other lithological heterogeneities can influence the strength and durability of individual specimens. In addition, long-term behaviour is influenced by exposure conditions, fabric and, especially, the pore size distribution of each sample. Therefore, a statistic evaluation of the results is highly recommended and they should be evaluated in combination with other investigations on internal structure and micro-scale heterogeneities of the material, such as petrographic observation, ultrasound pulse velocity and porosimetry. Laboratory tests used to estimate the durability of natural stone may give a good guidance to its short-term performance but they should not be taken as an ultimate indication of the long-term behaviour of the stone. The interdisciplinary study of the results confirms that stones in the monument show deterioration in terms of mineralogy, fabric and physical properties in comparison with quarried stones. Moreover stone-testing proves compatibility between quarried and historical stones. Good correlation is observed between the non-destructive-techniques and laboratory tests results which allow us to minimize sampling and assessing the condition of the materials. Concluding, this research can contribute to the diagnostic knowledge for further studies that are needed in order to evaluate the effect of recent and future protective measures.

Geological and Structural evolution of the Eurasia Africa plate boundary in the Gulf of Cadiz Central Eastern Atlantic Sea.

Iberia Africa plate boundary, cross, roughly W-E, connecting the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Azores triple junction to the Continental margin of Morocco. Relative movement between the two plate change along the boundary, from transtensive near the Azores archipelago, through trascurrent movement in the middle at the Gloria Fracture Zone, to transpressive in the Gulf of Cadiz area. This study presents the results of geophysical and geological analysis on the plate boundary area offshore Gibraltar. The main topic is to clarify the geodynamic evolution of this area from Oligocene to Quaternary. Recent studies have shown that the new plate boundary is represented by a 600 km long set of aligned, dextral trascurrent faults (the SWIM lineaments) connecting the Gloria fault to the Riff orogene. The western termination of these lineaments crosscuts the Gibraltar accretionary prism and seems to reach the Moroccan continental shelf. In the past two years newly acquired bathymetric data collected in the Moroccan offshore permit to enlighten the present position of the eastern portion of the plate boundary, previously thought to be a diffuse plate boundary. The plate boundary evolution, from the onset of compression in the Oligocene to the Late Pliocene activation of trascurrent structures, is not yet well constrained. The review of available seismics lines, gravity and bathymetric data, together with the analysis of new acquired bathymetric and high resolution seismic data offshore Morocco, allows to understand how the deformation acted at lithospheric scale under the compressive regime. Lithospheric folding in the area is suggested, and a new conceptual model is proposed for the propagation of the deformation acting in the brittle crust during this process. Our results show that lithospheric folding, both in oceanic and thinned continental crust, produced large wavelength synclines bounded by short wavelength, top thrust, anticlines. Two of these anticlines are located in the Gulf of Cadiz, and are represented by the Gorringe Ridge and Coral Patch seamounts. Lithospheric folding probably interacted with the Monchique – Madeira hotspot during the 72 Ma to Recent, NNE – SSW transit. Plume related volcanism is for the first time described on top of the Coral Patch seamount, where nine volcanoes are found by means of bathymetric data. 40Ar-39Ar age of 31.4±1.98 Ma are measured from one rock sample of one of these volcanoes. Analysis on biogenic samples show how the Coral Patch act as a starved offshore seamount since the Chattian. We proposed that compression stress formed lithospheric scale structures playing as a reserved lane for the upwelling of mantle material during the hotspot transit. The interaction between lithospheric folding and the hotspot emplacement can be also responsible for the irregularly spacing, and anomalous alignments, of individual islands and seamounts belonging to the Monchique - Madeira hotspot.