Analisi biomeccanica del MAWASHI GERI JODAN in cinture nere di Karate: modelli tecnici a confronto

In martial arts there are several ways to perform the turning kick . Following the martial arts or different learning models many types of kicks take shape. Mawashi geri is the karate turning kick. At the moment there are two models of mawashi geri, one comes from the traditional karate (OLD), and the other newer (NEW), who agrees to the change of the rules of W.K.F. (World Karate Federation) happened in 2000 (Macan J. et all 2006) . In this study we are focus on the differences about two models the mawashi geri jodan of karate. The purpose of this study is to analyse cinematic and kinetic parameters of mawashi geri jodan. Timing of the striking and supporting leg actions were also evaluated A Vicon system 460 IR with 6 cameras at sample frequency of 200 Hz was used. 37 reflective markers have been set on the skin of the subjects following the “PlugInGait-total body model”. The participants performed five repetitions of mawashi geri jodan at maximum rapidity with their dominant leg against a ball suspended in front of them placed at ear height. Fourteen skilled subjects (mean level black belt 1,7 dan; age 20,9±4,8 yrs; height 171,4±7,3 cm; weight 60,9±10,2 Kg) practicing karate have been split in two group through the hierarchical cluster analysis following their technical characteristics. By means of the Mann Whitney-U test (Spss-package) the differences between the two groups were verified in preparatory and execution phase. Kicking knee at start, kicking hip and knee at take-off were different between the two groups (p < 0,05). Striking hip flexion during the spin of the supporting foot was different between the two groups (p < 0,05). Peak angular velocity of hip flexion were different between the two groups (p < 0,05). Groups showed differences also in timing of the supporting spin movement. While Old group spin the supporting foot at 30% of the trial, instead New start spinning at 44% of the trial. Old group showed a greater supporting foot spin than New (Old 110° Vs New 82°). Abduction values didn’t show any differences between the two groups. At the hit has been evaluated a 120° of double hips abduction, for the entire sample. Striking knee extension happened for everybody after the kicking hip flexion and confirm the proximal-distal action of the striking leg (Sorensen H. 1996). In contrast with Pearson J.N. 1997 and Landeo R 2007, peak velocity of the striking foot is not useful to describe kick performance because affected by the stature. Two groups are different either in preparatory phase or in execution phase. The body is set in difference manner already before the take-off of the kicking foot. The groups differ for the timing of the supporting foot action Trainer should pay attention to starting posture and on abduction capacities of the athletes.

Ovidio e Marziale tra poesia e retorica

This 
study
 participates 
of
 the 
vivacious
 and
 recent 
interest
 for
 the 
Martial���s
 work, 
that
 has
 brought
 to
 discover
 a
 wealth
 and 
a 
complexity,
 remained 
for 
a
long
 time
 hidden, 
of 
the 
epigrammatic
 kind.
 Of
 this
 complexity
 is
 an
 important
 part
 the
 refined
 allusive
 game
 with
 the
 preceding
 tradition,
 as
 that
 with 
Ovid.
 My 
work
 is
 divided
 in
 two
 sections: 
the 
first
 one
 is dedicated
 to 
the 
passages 
in 
which
 Martial��� quotes
 Ovid
 and
 to
 the
 surest
 and
 more
 important
 recalls.
 The
 single
 chapters
 are
 dedicated
 to
 a
 detail
 theme
 (the
 apostrophe
 to
 the
 book;
 the
 mythology;
 the
 love;
 the
 exile).
 The
 second
 section, 
instead, 
is
 dedicated 
to 
the 
rhetoric,
 with
 an 
analysis 
of
 the
 structure 
of 
the 
poetic
 discourse
 in
 the
 elegy
 and
 in
 the
 epigram,
 and
 to
 the study
 of
 some
 rhetorical
 figures,
 in
 primis
 the
 sententia,
 key‐element
 in
 the
 Martial���s
 work,
 but
 also
 decisive
 in
 the
 innovative
 poetic process
 begun by
 Ovid.