Essays in Applied Health Economics: Evidence on Health and Health Care in Italy and UK

This thesis is the result of my experience as a PhD student taking part in the Joint Doctoral Programme at the University of York and the University of Bologna. In my thesis I deal with topics that are of particular interest in Italy and in Great Britain. Chapter 2 focuses on the empirical test of the existence of the relationship between technological profiles and market structure claimed by Sutton’s theory (1991, 1998) in the specific economic framework of hospital care services provided by the Italian National Health Service (NHS). In order to test the empirical predictions by Sutton, we identify the relevant markets for hospital care services in Italy in terms of both product and geographic dimensions. In particular, the Elzinga and Hogarty (1978) approach has been applied to data on patients’ flows across Italian Provinces in order to derive the geographic dimension of each market. Our results provide evidence in favour of the empirical predictions of Sutton. Chapter 3 deals with the patient mobility in the Italian NHS. To analyse the determinants of patient mobility across Local Health Authorities, we estimate gravity equations in multiplicative form using a Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood method, as proposed by Santos-Silva and Tenreyro (2006). In particular, we focus on the scale effect played by the size of the pool of enrolees. In most of the cases our results are consistent with the predictions of the gravity model. Chapter 4 considers the effects of contractual and working conditions on selfassessed health and psychological well-being (derived from the General Health Questionnaire) using the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). We consider two branches of the literature. One suggests that “atypical” contractual conditions have a significant impact on health while the other suggests that health is damaged by adverse working conditions. The main objective of our paper is to combine the two branches of the literature to assess the distinct effects of contractual and working conditions on health. The results suggest that both sets of conditions have some influence on health and psychological well-being of employees.

La musa bambina. 1911-2011: un secolo di letteratura mitologica per ragazzi in Italia tra storia, educazione e narrazione

Questa ricerca mostra l’evoluzione della letteratura mitologica per ragazzi in Italia. Il primo libro italiano di mitologia per bambini è stato pubblicato nel 1911 (lo stesso anno di un’importante e violenta guerra coloniale tra l’Italia e la Libia): la scrittrice italiana Laura Orvieto pubblicò allora “Storie della storia del mondo”, in cui riunì antichi racconti greci per giovani lettori. Queste storie erano ispirate al libro mitologico per bambini “Il libro delle meraviglie” di Hawthorne (titolo originale “A Wonder Book for Girls and Boys”). In seguito molti scrittori italiani scrissero libri mitologici per giovani lettori: serie importanti di libri di mitologia per bambini furono pubblicate durante il regime mussoliniano – talvolta per diffondere l’ideologia fascista della superiorità romana. Durante questo periodo, i libri mitologici spesso mostravano uno stile letterario solenne. Dopo la seconda guerra mondiale, la letteratura mitologica per bambini cambiò lentamente prospettiva: gli scrittori italiani cominciarono ad usare il mito per parlare di problemi sociali (p.e. Gianni Rodari descriveva re Mida come un capitalista) e per spiegare le diverse condizioni umane (p.e. Beatrice Masini fa riferimento alle dee e alle eroine greche per descrivere la condizione femminile). La ricerca analizza anche la relazione tra mito e scuola in Italia: i racconti mitologici hanno sempre fatto parte dei programmi scolastici italiani per bambini dagli 8 agli 11 anni. Le riforme scolastiche – deliberate negli anni ’20 e ’40 – fissarono pratiche didattiche sui miti ancora oggi in uso. I racconti mitologici erano soprattutto un supporto per gli studi storici e letterari. Tuttavia, negli ultimi decenni, i miti sono divenuti un importante aiuto per gli insegnamenti scientifici e artistici.

La drammaturgia sperimentale di Gio. Battista Andreini, fra Commedia dell’Arte, poesia e teatri per musica

Il presente progetto di ricerca, nato inizialmente con l’obbiettivo d’individuare in che modo e in che misura, i testi teatrali del drammaturgo e comico dell’Arte Giovan Battista Andreini, detto Lelio, figlio d’Isabella e Francesco, anche loro attori e letterati d’alto livello, risentirono dell’influenza del mondo dei coevi teatri in musica, dall’intermedio al balletto, si è progressivamente evoluto, divenendo, ben presto, uno studio sulle modalità compositive sperimentali dell’Andreini, dove, in verità, la dimensione del sonoro e la manipolazione dell’elemento musicale, non furono altro che uno dei vari aspetti di suddetta poetica dell’innovazione. Analizzando dunque, minuziosamente, tutte le pièce andreiniane e contestualizzandole, di volta in volta, nel composito panorama sociale, politico e culturale, della prima metà del XVII secolo, in Italia come in Francia, giacché egli lavorò in entrambi gli stati con una certa regolarità - per questo motivo le ricerche sul campo si sono equamente ripartite tra i due paesi - si è giunti a ricostruire, nel dettaglio, quel tessuto, variegato e multiforme, di legami ed influenze, caratterizzato dalla perpetua pulsione alla sperimentazione, esistente tra l’universo performativo barocco e quello che può considerarsi uno dei più alti esponenti della commedia dell’Arte italiana dell’epoca, ridisegnando così i confini di una carriera interamente votata al Teatro e durata più di mezzo secolo.

La circolarita' delle idee nel pensiero medico bolognese: la Societa' Medica Chirurgica in Epoca Pontificia

La tesi di Dottorato, saldamente ancorata alle Medical Humanities, si è concentrata sul modo in cui la storia della letteratura italiana si intreccia con le altre discipline, per arrivare a configurare quell’ampio panorama di storia delle idee che aiuta a valutare l’evoluzione stessa delle credenze e dei pensieri dell’uomo nel corso del tempo. Essa ha contribuito a portare alla luce l’apporto dato dalla Società Medica Chirurgica di Bologna in Epoca Pontificia alla circolarità del pensiero medico, ricordando con forza che le varie correnti storico-mediche non sono appunto il semplice susseguirsi di teorie più o meno esatte. La tesi rende pienamente visibili non solo la struttura e le dinamiche della comunicazione scientifica, ma documenta attraverso la letteratura (anche quella scientifica) la presenza della medicina e delle sue pratiche all’interno della società, soffermandosi sui meccanismi, sui percorsi che legano i fenomeni tra loro; viene declinato anche il complesso e travagliato processo teso a ridefinire la figura del medico durante l’epoca del dominio pontificio nel suo declino, circondata da diffidenze e ostilità. Il fulcro della tesi è dato dalla dimostrazione inconfutabile che esiste ancora un ruolo per la cultura umanistica nella formazione del medico.

Marinetti ultimo mitografo

La ricognizione delle opere composte da Filippo Tommaso Marinetti tra il 1909 e il 1912 è sostenuta da una tesi paradossale: il futurismo di Marinetti non sarebbe un'espressione della modernità, bensì una reazione anti-moderna, che dietro a una superficiale ed entusiastica adesione ad alcune parole d'ordine della seconda rivoluzione industriale nasconderebbe un pessimismo di fondo nei confronti dell'uomo e della storia. In questo senso il futurismo diventa un emblema del ritardo culturale e del gattopardismo italiano, e anticipa l’analoga operazione svolta in politica da Mussolini: dietro un’adesione formale ad alcune istanze della modernità, la preservazione dello Status Quo. Marinetti è descritto come un corpo estraneo rispetto alla cultura scientifica del Novecento: un futurista senza futuro (rarissime in Marinetti sono le proiezioni fantascientifiche). Questo aspetto è particolarmente evidente nelle opere prodotte del triennio 1908-1911, che non solo sono molto diverse dalle opere futuriste successive, ma per alcuni aspetti rappresentano una vera e propria antitesi di ciò che diventerà il futurismo letterario a partire dal 1912, con la pubblicazione del Manifesto tecnico della letteratura futurista e l'invenzione delle parole in libertà. Nelle opere precedenti, a un sostanziale disinteresse per il progressismo tecnologico corrispondeva un'attenzione ossessiva per la corporeità e un ricorso continuo all'allegoria, con effetti particolarmente grotteschi (soprattutto nel romanzo Mafarka le futuriste) nei quali si rilevano tracce di una concezione del mondo di sapore ancora medioevo-rinascimentale. Questa componente regressiva del futurismo marinettiano viene platealmente abbandonata a partire dal 1912, con Zang Tumb Tumb, salvo riaffiorare ciclicamente, come una corrente sotterranea, in altre fasi della sua carriera: nel 1922, ad esempio, con la pubblicazione de Gli indomabili (un’altra opera allegorica, ricca di reminiscenze letterarie). Quella del 1912 è una vera e propria frattura, che nel primo capitolo è indagata sia da un punto di vista storico (attraverso la documentazione epistolare e giornalistica vengono portate alla luce le tensioni che portarono gran parte dei poeti futuristi ad abbandonare il movimento proprio in quell'anno) che da un punto di vista linguistico: sono sottolineate le differenze sostanziali tra la produzione parolibera e quella precedente, e si arrischia anche una spiegazione psicologica della brusca svolta impressa da Marinetti al suo movimento. Nel secondo capitolo viene proposta un'analisi formale e contenutistica della ‘funzione grottesca’ nelle opere di Marinetti. Nel terzo capitolo un'analisi comparata delle incarnazioni della macchine ritratte nelle opere di Marinetti ci svela che quasi sempre in questo autore la macchina è associata al pensiero della morte e a una pulsione masochistica (dominante, quest'ultima, ne Gli indomabili); il che porta ad arrischiare l'ipotesi che l'esperienza futurista, e in particolare il futurismo parolibero posteriore al 1912, sia la rielaborazione di un trauma. Esso può essere interpretato metaforicamente come lo choc del giovane Marinetti, balzato in pochi anni dalle sabbie d'Alessandria d'Egitto alle brume industriali di Milano, ma anche come una reale esperienza traumatica (l'incidente automobilistico del 1908, “mitologizzato” nel primo manifesto, ma che in realtà fu vissuto dall'autore come esperienza realmente perturbante).

Sulla progettazione in zona sismica di strutture dotate di dissipatori fluido-viscosi: proposta di una metodologia

CHAPTER 1:FLUID-VISCOUS DAMPERS In this chapter the fluid-viscous dampers are introduced. The first section is focused on the technical characteristics of these devices, their mechanical behavior and the latest evolution of the technology whose they are equipped. In the second section we report the definitions and the guide lines about the design of these devices included in some international codes. In the third section the results of some experimental tests carried out by some authors on the response of these devices to external forces are discussed. On this purpose we report some technical schedules that are usually enclosed to the devices now available on the international market. In the third section we show also some analytic models proposed by various authors, which are able to describe efficiently the physical behavior of the fluid-viscous dampers. In the last section we propose some cases of application of these devices on existing structures and on new-construction structures. We show also some cases in which these devices have been revealed good for aims that lies outside the reduction of seismic actions on the structures. CHAPTER 2:DESIGN METHODS PROPOSED IN LITERATURE In this chapter the more widespread design methods proposed in literature for structures equipped by fluid-viscous dampers are introduced. In the first part the response of sdf systems in the case of harmonic external force is studied, in the last part the response in the case of random external force is discussed. In the first section the equations of motion in the case of an elastic-linear sdf system equipped with a non-linear fluid-viscous damper undergoing a harmonic force are introduced. This differential problem is analytically quite complex and it’s not possible to be solved in a closed form. Therefore some authors have proposed approximate solution methods. The more widespread methods are based on equivalence principles between a non-linear device and an equivalent linear one. Operating in this way it is possible to define an equivalent damping ratio and the problem becomes linear; the solution of the equivalent problem is well-known. In the following section two techniques of linearization, proposed by some authors in literature, are described: the first technique is based on the equivalence of the energy dissipated by the two devices and the second one is based on the equivalence of power consumption. After that we compare these two techniques by studying the response of a sdf system undergoing a harmonic force. By introducing the equivalent damping ratio we can write the equation of motion of the non-linear differential problem in an implicit form, by dividing, as usual, for the mass of the system. In this way, we get a reduction of the number of variables, by introducing the natural frequency of the system. The equation of motion written in this form has two important properties: the response is linear dependent on the amplitude of the external force and the response is dependent on the ratio of the frequency of the external harmonic force and the natural frequency of the system only, and not on their single values. All these considerations, in the last section, are extended to the case of a random external force. CHAPTER 3: DESIGN METHOD PROPOSED In this chapter the theoretical basis of the design method proposed are introduced. The need to propose a new design method for structures equipped with fluid-viscous dampers arises from the observation that the methods reported in literature are always iterative, because the response affects some parameters included in the equation of motion (such as the equivalent damping ratio). In the first section the dimensionless parameterε is introduced. This parameter has been obtained from the definition of equivalent damping ratio. The implicit form of the equation of motion is written by introducing the parameter ε, instead of the equivalent damping ratio. This new implicit equation of motions has not any terms affected by the response, so that once ε is known the response can be evaluated directly. In the second section it is discussed how the parameter ε affects some characteristics of the response: drift, velocity and base shear. All the results described till this point have been obtained by keeping the non-linearity of the behavior of the dampers. In order to get a linear formulation of the problem, that is possible to solve by using the well-known methods of the dynamics of structures, as we did before for the iterative methods by introducing the equivalent damping ratio, it is shown how the equivalent damping ratio can be evaluated from knowing the value of ε. Operating in this way, once the parameter ε is known, it is quite easy to estimate the equivalent damping ratio and to proceed with a classic linear analysis. In the last section it is shown how the parameter ε could be taken as reference for the evaluation of the convenience of using non-linear dampers instead of linear ones on the basis of the type of external force and the characteristics of the system. CHAPTER 4: MULTI-DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS In this chapter the design methods of a elastic-linear mdf system equipped with non-linear fluidviscous dampers are introduced. It has already been shown that, in the sdf systems, the response of the structure can be evaluated through the estimation of the equivalent damping ratio (ξsd) assuming the behavior of the structure elastic-linear. We would to mention that some adjusting coefficients, to be applied to the equivalent damping ratio in order to consider the actual behavior of the structure (that is non-linear), have already been proposed in literature; such coefficients are usually expressed in terms of ductility, but their treatment is over the aims of this thesis and we does not go into further. The method usually proposed in literature is based on energy equivalence: even though this procedure has solid theoretical basis, it must necessary include some iterative process, because the expression of the equivalent damping ratio contains a term of the response. This procedure has been introduced primarily by Ramirez, Constantinou et al. in 2000. This procedure is reported in the first section and it is defined “Iterative Method”. Following the guide lines about sdf systems reported in the previous chapters, it is introduced a procedure for the assessment of the parameter ε in the case of mdf systems. Operating in this way the evaluation of the equivalent damping ratio (ξsd) can be done directly without implementing iterative processes. This procedure is defined “Direct Method” and it is reported in the second section. In the third section the two methods are analyzed by studying 4 cases of two moment-resisting steel frames undergoing real accelerogramms: the response of the system calculated by using the two methods is compared with the numerical response obtained from the software called SAP2000-NL, CSI product. In the last section a procedure to create spectra of the equivalent damping ratio, affected by the parameter ε and the natural period of the system for a fixed value of exponent α, starting from the elasticresponse spectra provided by any international code, is introduced.

L'attrazione sessuale: processi psichici e strumenti di indagine. L'adattamento italiano del Cuestionario de Atraccion sexual

The sexual attraction is a complex emotional event, with somatic modifications, that like all the emotions, belongs to the psychic dimension and that, too much simply, can be led back, from a explicative point of view, to biological and psychical causes. The sexual attraction represents a personal experience, that is difficult to record, but of which every adult is able to delineate a correspondence with own “lived”. In the within of biological sciences, many experimental studies were been conducted with the aim to know which chemistries substances and cerebral zones are involved in front of a stimulus assessed like sexually attractive. Contrarily, there are little researches conducted in psychological field, aimed to the understanding the psychical factors, often unconscious, tinged to the subjective processes of sexual attraction: the sexual attraction remains an unexplored psychological event and unprovided of adapted instruments of assessment. The present thesis is oriented in primis to examine the existing scientific literature, in order to provide an exhaustive picture of the sexual attraction and to analyze the instruments of survey available for the empirical assessment of it. Secondly, the thesis is oriented to introduce two studies: the first study is aimed to adapt the Cuestionario de Atracción Sexual - CAS (Fernández ET to, 2006a; 2006b; 2006c) to the Italian language; the second study is aimed to assess the attitudes towards the sexual attraction in a sample of university students, in order to establish if some differences or association with some psychological dimensions (attachment stiles and alexithymia) exist.

Molecular bases, pathogenic mechanisms and possible therapeutic approach in Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial disease characterized by a rapid loss of central vision and optic atrophy, due to the selective degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. The age of onset is around 20, and the degenerative process is fast and usually the second eye becomes affected in weeks or months. Even if this pathology is well known and has been well characterized, there are still open questions on its pathophysiology, such as the male prevalence, the incomplete penetrance and the tissue selectivity. This maternally inherited disease is caused by mutations in mitochondrial encoded genes of NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) of the respiratory chain. The 90% of LHON cases are caused by one of the three common mitochondrial DNA mutations (11778/ND4, 14484/ND6 and 3460/ND1) and the remaining 10% is caused by rare pathogenic mutations, reported in literature in one or few families. Moreover, there is also a small subset of patients reported with new putative pathogenic nucleotide changes, which awaits to be confirmed. We here clarify some molecular aspects of LHON, mainly the incomplete penetrance and the role of rare mtDNA mutations or variants on LHON expression, and attempt a possible therapeutic approach using the cybrids cell model. We generated novel structural models for mitochondrial encoded complex I subunits and a conservation analysis and pathogenicity prediction have been carried out for LHON reported mutations. This in-silico approach allowed us to locate LHON pathogenic mutations in defined and conserved protein domains and can be a useful tool in the analysis of novel mtDNA variants with unclear pathogenic/functional role. Four rare LHON pathogenic mutations have been identified, confirming that the ND1 and ND6 genes are mutational hot spots for LHON. All mutations were previously described at least once and we validated their pathogenic role, suggesting the need for their screening in LHON diagnostic protocols. Two novel mtDNA variants with a possible pathogenic role have been also identified in two independent branches of a large pedigree. Functional studies are necessary to define their contribution to LHON in this family. It also been demonstrated that the combination of mtDNA rare polymorphic variants is relevant in determining the maternal recurrence of myoclonus in unrelated LHON pedigrees. Thus, we suggest that particular mtDNA backgrounds and /or the presence of specific rare mutations may increase the pathogenic potential of the primary LHON mutations, thereby giving rise to the extraocular clinical features characteristic of the LHON “plus” phenotype. We identified the first molecular parameter that clearly discriminates LHON affected individuals from asymptomatic carriers, the mtDNA copy number. This provides a valuable mechanism for future investigations on variable penetrance in LHON. However, the increased mtDNA content in LHON individuals was not correlated to the functional polymorphism G1444A of PGC-1 alpha, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, but may be due to gene expression of genes involved in this signaling pathway, such as PGC-1 alpha/beta and Tfam. Future studies will be necessary to identify the biochemical effects of rare pathogenic mutations and to validate the novel candidate mutations here described, in terms of cellular bioenergetic characterization of these variants. Moreover, we were not able to induce mitochondrial biogenesis in cybrids cell lines using bezafibrate. However, other cell line models are available, such as fibroblasts harboring LHON mutations, or other approaches can be used to trigger the mitochondrial biogenesis.

Gli assetti proprietari e di controllo nell'agroalimentare italiano

The recent default of important Italian agri-business companies provides a challenging issue to be investigated through an appropriate scientific approach. The events involving CIRIO, FERRUZZI or PARMALAT rise an important research question: what are the determinants of performance for Italian companies in the Italian agri – food sector? My aim is not to investigate all the factors that are relevant in explaining performance. Performance depends on a wide set of political, social, economic variables that are strongly interconnected and that are often very difficult to express by formal or mathematical tools. Rather, in my thesis I mainly focus on those aspects that are strictly related to the governance and ownership structure of agri – food companies representing a strand of research that has been quite neglected by previous scholars. The conceptual framework from which I move to justify the existence of a relationship between the ownership structure of a company, governance and performance is the model set up by Airoldi and Zattoni (2005). In particular the authors investigate the existence of complex relationships arising within the company and between the company and the environment that can bring different strategies and performances. They do not try to find the “best” ownership structure, rather they outline what variables are connected and how they could vary endogenously within the whole economic system. In spite of the fact that the Airoldi and Zattoni’s model highlights the existence of a relationship between ownership and structure that is crucial for the set up of the thesis the authors fail to apply quantitative analyses in order to verify the magnitude, sign and the causal direction of the impact. In order to fill this gap we start from the literature trying to investigate the determinants of performance. Even in this strand of research studies analysing the relationship between different forms of ownership and performance are still lacking. In this thesis, after a brief description of the Italian agri – food sector and after an introduction including a short explanation of the definitions of performance and ownership structure, I implement a model in which the performance level (interpreted here as Return on Investments and Return on Sales) is related to variables that have been previously identified by the literature as important such as the financial variables (cash and leverage indices), the firm location (North Italy, Centre Italy, South Italy), the power concentration (lower than 25%, between 25% and 50% and between 50% and 100% of ownership control) and the specific agri – food sector (agriculture, food and beverage). Moreover we add a categorical variable representing different forms of ownership structure (public limited company, limited liability company, cooperative) that is the core of our study. All those variables are fully analysed by a preliminary descriptive analysis. As in many previous contributions we apply a panel least squares analysis for 199 Italian firms in the period 1998 – 2007 with data taken from the Bureau Van Dijck Dataset. We apply two different models in which the dependant variables are respectively the Return on Investments (ROI) and the Return on Sales (ROS) indicators. Not surprisingly we find that companies located in the North Italy representing the richest area in Italy perform better than the ones located in the Centre and South of Italy. In contrast with the Modigliani - Miller theorem financial variables could be significant and the specific sector within the agri – food market could play a relevant role. As the power concentration, we find that a strong property control (higher than 50%) or a fragmented concentration (lower than 25%) perform better. This result apparently could suggest that “hybrid” forms of concentrations could create bad functioning in the decision process. As our key variables representing the ownership structure we find that public limited companies and limited liability companies perform better than cooperatives. This is easily explainable by the fact that law establishes that cooperatives are less profit – oriented. Beyond cooperatives public limited companies perform better than limited liability companies and show a more stable path over time. Results are quite consistent when we consider both ROI and ROS as dependant variables. These results should not lead us to claim that public limited company is the “best” among all possible governance structures. First, every governance solution should be considered according to specific situations. Second more robustness analyses are needed to confirm our results. At this stage we deem these findings, the model set up and our approach represent original contributions that could stimulate fruitful future studies aimed at investigating the intriguing issue concerning the effect of ownership structure on the performance levels.

La memoria risorgimentale in Giustizia e Libertà (1929-1940)

The dissertation regards The memory on the Italian Risorgimento in “Justice and Freedom”(1929-1940) a theoretical core point in the history of the Movement, which so far has not been granted due attention. The work herewith presented is therefore aimed at filling a storiographical gap, analysing the historical events which continue to operate as traditions, raising feelings and passions and hence operating in politics, although as secondary factors. The point made is that the Justice and Freedom Movement, an antifascist political movement born in Paris in October 1929, bases its strength on the heroic choice of the antifascism movement to fight a Second Risorgimento, connecting the fight against the regime to the battles previously fought for the justice and the freedom, an entirely isolated event in the political opposition’s panorama. The dissertation, thus, attempts to explain how and why Justice and Freedom is so tightly interconnected in its political action to the Risorgimento tradition. The first chapter sets the cultural background of the foundation of the Justice and Freedom Movement. The centre of such foundation was Florence, where Gaetano Salvemini, along with a group of young people, would later on carry out some cultural experiences that ideally prepare the ground for the movement’s birth. In the second chapter are found the sites of the memory where the passage of the Risorgimento tradition between the generations takes place. The work therefore shifts from a public to a private level, concentrating on biographical paths. The choice made was for Nello Rosselli, a man very close to the Justice and Freedom Movement but who, as opposed to his comrades-in-arms, did not chose the political way to express his ethical choice, but rather the theoretical one, becoming a Risorgimento historian. The third chapter concentrates on the birth of the Justice and Freedom Movement in France, trying to reconstruct the cultural ties and the confrontation places and sites where the members of the Movement could interact with the French intellectual milieu, bringing back to light the propagandistic usage of the Risorgimento myth carried out by the Movement. Lastly, the fourth chapter focuses on the cultural debate on the Risorgimento, which took place on the press organs of the Movement, pointing out and periodizing the theoretical passages and the propagandistic uses of the myth as related to the stages of the Movement and the political needs.

Emerging contaminants in agricultural ecosystems: impact of selected pharmaceutical on water and soil ecology and pratical implications

Pharmaceuticals are useful tools to prevent and treat human and animal diseases. Following administration, a significant fraction of pharmaceuticals is excreted unaltered into faeces and urine and may enter the aquatic ecosystem and agricultural soil through irrigation with recycled water, constituting a significant source of emerging contaminants into the environment. Understanding major factors influencing their environmental fate is consequently needed to value the risk, reduce contamination, and set up bioremediation technologies. The antiviral drug Tamiflu (oseltamivir carboxylate, OC) has received recent attention due to the potential use as a first line defence against H5N1 and H1N1 influenza viruses. Research has shown that OC is not removed during conventional wastewater treatments, thus having the potential to enter surface water bodies. A series of laboratory experiments investigated the fate and the removal of OC in surface water systems in Italy and Japan and in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. A preliminary laboratory study investigated the persistence of the active antiviral drug in water samples from an irrigation canal in northern Italy (Canale Emiliano Romagnolo). After an initial rapid decrease, OC concentration slowly decreased during the remaining incubation period. Approximately 65% of the initial OC amount remained in water at the end of the 36-day incubation period. A negligible amount of OC was lost both from sterilized water and from sterilized water/sediment samples, suggesting a significant role of microbial degradation. Stimulating microbial processes by the addition of sediments resulted in reduced OC persistence. Presence of OC (1.5 μg mL-1) did not significantly affect the metabolic potential of the water microbial population, that was estimated by glyphosate and metolachlor mineralization. In contrast, OC caused an initial transient decrease in the size of the indigenous microbial population of water samples. A second laboratory study focused on basic processes governing the environmental fate of OC in surface water from two contrasting aquatic ecosystems of northern Italy, the River Po and the Venice Lagoon. Results of this study confirmed the potential of OC to persist in surface water. However, the addition of 5% of sediments resulted in rapid OC degradation. The estimated half-life of OC in water/sediment of the River Po was 15 days. After three weeks of incubation at 20 °C, more than 8% of 14C-OC evolved as 14CO2 from water/sediment samples of the River Po and Venice Lagoon. OC was moderately retained onto coarse sediments from the two sites. In water/sediment samples of the River Po and Venice Lagoon treated with 14C-OC, more than 30% of the 14C-residues remained water-extractable after three weeks of incubation. The low affinity of OC to sediments suggests that the presence of sediments would not reduce its bioavailability to microbial degradation. Another series of laboratory experiments investigated the fate and the removal of OC in two surface water ecosystems of Japan and in the municipal wastewater treatment plant of the city of Bologna, in Northern Italy. The persistence of OC in surface water ranged from non-detectable degradation to a half-life of 53 days. After 40 days, less than 3% of radiolabeled OC evolved as 14CO2. The presence of sediments (5%) led to a significant increase of OC degradation and of mineralization rates. A more intense mineralization was observed in samples of the wastewater treatment plant when applying a long incubation period (40 days). More precisely, 76% and 37% of the initial radioactivity applied as 14C-OC was recovered as 14CO2 from samples of the biological tank and effluent water, respectively. Two bacterial strains growing on OC as sole carbon source were isolated and used for its removal from synthetic medium and environmental samples, including surface water and wastewater. Inoculation of water and wastewater samples with the two OC-degrading strains showed that mineralization of OC was significantly higher in both inoculated water and wastewater, than in uninoculated controls. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR analysis showed that OC would not affect the microbial population of surface water and wastewater. The capacity of the ligninolytic fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to degrade a wide variety of environmentally persistent xenobiotics has been largely reported in literature. In a series of laboratory experiments, the efficiency of a formulation using P. chrysosporium was evaluated for the removal of selected pharmaceuticals from wastewater samples. Addition of the fungus to samples of the wastewater treatment plant of Bologna significantly increased (P < 0.05) the removal of OC and three antibiotics, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin. Similar effects were also observed in effluent water. OC was the most persistent of the four pharmaceuticals. After 30 days of incubation, approximately two times more OC was removed in bioremediated samples than in controls. The highest removal efficiency of the formulation was observed with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. The studies included environmental aspects of soil contamination with two emerging veterinary contaminants, such as doramectin and oxibendazole, wich are common parasitic treatments in cattle farms.

L' "opera mondo" di Paolo Volponi fra satira e morale

Nella mia tesi di dottorato mi propongo di indagare la metamorfosi del romanzo nella letteratura italiana contemporanea attraverso il lavoro di Paolo Volponi, che può essere descritto come un’«opera mondo», in accordo con la formula critica coniata da Franco Moretti. Volponi intende superare il divario fra l’io e il mondo e ricomporre il corpo come una mediazione umanistica di ragione e sensi. La sua opera può essere definita ‘epica’ perché recupera la tradizione del romanzo cavalleresco e la parodia esercitata su questa tradizione letteraria da Cervantes nel Don Chisciotte. Ma, come l’Ulysses di Joyce, è un’epica «moderna» perché fondata su una totalità disgiunta e sul conflitto dialogico, in una linea che accomuna la moltiplicazione dei punti di vista, propria del romanzo polifonico secondo Bachtin, alla pluralità di prospettive del discorso scientifico. Dopo un primo capitolo teorico, nel secondo e nel terzo capitolo della tesi i romanzi di Volponi vengono studiati in rapporto al filone dell’«epica moderna» e al genere satirico, che ha un suo modello fondativo nell’opera di Giacomo Leopardi. Il quarto capitolo si focalizza sulle ultime raccolte poetiche, che mostrano la tendenza a recuperare il linguaggio formulare e la matrice orale della poesia delle origini, servendosene per rappresentare in funzione contrappuntistica l’universo globale dell’età contemporanea.

Tradurre la letteratura russa contemporanea per l'infanzia

Questo lavoro affronta la traduzione della letteratura per l'infanzia. La prima parte teorica si divide tra l'analisi di cosa si intenda per traduzione per l'infanzia, quali siano le problematiche e le particolarità che la caratterizzano, e un'analisi delle specificità della traduzione dal russo all'italiano, con un approfondimento della letteratura russa contemporanea per l’infanzia. La seconda parte, pratica, analizza le traduzioni della stessa dottoranda per calare in esempi pratici le possibilità teoriche analizzate nella prima parte. Vengono affrontati brani dei maggiori scrittori contemporanei, come G. Oster, M. Moskvina, M. Borodickaja, Ju. Nečiporenko e altri. Caratteristiche fondanti la letteratura per l’infanzia sono l’interazione tra parola e immagine, il ruolo della lettura a voce alta e l’importanza del suono, i nomi parlanti, il doppio destinatario, l’adattamento, il rispetto dei canoni morali e estetici imposti dalla società, il carattere pedagogico. Gli aspetti teorici esaminati sono il traduttore come lettore e la ricerca di un equivalente funzionale come strategia traduttiva. This thesis is about translation of children’s literature. In the first section, I explore the meanings of translating for children, and which are its issues and peculiarities; the specificities in translation from Russian into Italian; the background of contemporary Russian Children’s Literature (G. Oster, M. Moskvina, M. Boroditskaya, Yu. Nechiporenko). In the second part I analyze my translations, in order to give some practical examples of the theoretical strategies I explored in the first section. Relevant characteristic of children’s literature are: its pedagogical character, interaction between word and image, double addressee, the importance of reading aloud, adaptation, respect of moral and aesthetic canons imposed by the society. The theoretical aspects examined in this thesis involve the issue of the translator seen as reader, and the search of functional equivalents as dominant translation strategy.

Infanzie migranti. La narrativa per ragazzi nelle opere di scrittrici indiane residenti nel Regno Unito e in Canada

L’oggetto dell’analisi si situa all’intersezione di diversi ambiti disciplinari: letteratura, scienze dell’educazione, sociologia, psicologia. Nel presente lavoro, viene privilegiata un’analisi tematica della narrativa e la definizione identitaria delle “infanzie migranti” viene declinata seguendo percorsi di lettura che mettano in risalto alcune prospettive ricorrenti nei romanzi. Il corpus letterario selezionato include alcuni romanzi scritti in lingua inglese da sei scrittrici di origine indiana, in particolare Jamila Gavin, Rachna Gilmore, Anjali Banerjee, Rukhsana Khan, Ravinder Randhawa e Meera Syal. Nel primo capitolo si tracciano le premesse teoriche e metodologiche del lavoro, definendo il genere della letteratura per l’infanzia e interrogandoci sulle sue specificità in un contesto postcoloniale qual è quello indiano. Il secondo capitolo è dedicato alla definizione identitaria delle seconde generazioni, in particolar modo di quelle indo-britanniche e indo-canadesi, cui appartengono i protagonisti dei romanzi presi in esame. Nel terzo capitolo viene posta attenzione agli elementi che concorrono alla definizione identitaria dei giovani protagonisti dei romanzi, i quali si interrogano sul loro essere e sull’appartenenza interculturale. I dialoghi intergenerazionali tra i protagonisti e i nonni - o altre figure di guida - permettono alle scrittrici di raccontare la storia dell’India coloniale e della lotta per l’indipendenza dal punto di vista degli esclusi dalla storiografia ufficiale. Nel capitolo conclusivo si argomenta invece come la definizione identitaria si attui per mezzo dello spazio, tramite l’appartenenza ai luoghi, spazi caricati di significato, e per mezzo del viaggio, che può essere reale, immaginario o iniziatico. In tutti i casi, il viaggio porta alla scoperta del Sé, di un’identità ibrida e molteplice da parte dei personaggi.

Three Essays in Spatial Economics

This work contributes to the field of spatial economics by embracing three distinct modelling approaches, belonging to different strands of the theoretical literature. In the first chapter I present a theoretical model in which the changes in urban system’s degree of functional specialisation are linked to (i) firms’ organisational choices and firms’ location decisions. The interplay between firms’ internal communication/managing costs (between headquarters and production plants) and the cost of communicating with distant business services providers leads the transition process from an “integrated” urban system where each city hosts every different functions to a “functionally specialised” urban system where each city is either a primary business center (hosting advanced business services providers, a secondary business center or a pure manufacturing city and all this city-types coexist in equilibrium.The second chapter investigates the impact of free trade on welfare in a two-country world modelled as an international Hotelling duopoly with quadratic transport costs and asymmetric countries, where a negative environmental externality is associated with the consumption of the good produced in the smaller country. Countries’ relative sizes as well as the intensity of negative environmental externality affect potential welfare gains of trade liberalisation. The third chapter focuses on the paradox, by which, contrary to theoretical predictions, empirical evidence shows that a decrease in international transport costs causes an increase in foreign direct investments (FDIs). Here we propose an explanation to this apparent puzzle by exploiting an approach which delivers a continuum of Bertrand- Nash equilibria ranging above marginal cost pricing. In our setting, two Bertrand firms, supplying a homogeneous good with a convex cost function, enter the market of a foreign country. We show that allowing for a softer price competition may indeed more than offset the standard effect generated by a decrease in trade costs, thereby restoring FDI incentives.