Tecnica, stile e ideologia nella musica sinfonica in video: la Quinta Sinfonia di Beethoven

Oggetto di questo lavoro è un’analisi dettagliata di un campione ristretto di riprese televisive della Quinta Sinfonia di Beethoven, con l’obiettivo di far emergere il loro meccanismo costruttivo, in senso sia tecnico sia culturale. Premessa dell’indagine è che ciascuna ripresa sia frutto di un’autorialità specifica che si sovrappone alle due già presenti in ogni esecuzione della Quinta Sinfonia, quella del compositore e quella dell’interprete, definita perciò «terza autorialità» riassumendo nella nozione la somma di contributi specifici che portano alla produzione di una ripresa (consulente musicale, regista, operatori di ripresa). La ricerca esamina i rapporti che volta a volta si stabiliscono fra i tre diversi piani autoriali, ma non mira a una ricostruzione filologica: l’obiettivo non è ricostruire le intenzioni dell’autore materiale quanto di far emergere dall’esame della registrazione della ripresa, così com’è data a noi oggi (spesso in una versione già più volte rimediata, in genere sotto forma di dvd commercializzato), scelte tecniche, musicali e culturali che potevano anche essere inconsapevoli. L’analisi dettagliata delle riprese conferma l’ipotesi di partenza che ci sia una sorta di sistema convenzionale, quasi una «solita forma» o approccio standardizzato, che sottende la gran parte delle riprese; gli elementi che si possono definire convenzionali, sia per la presenza sia per la modalità di trattamento, sono diversi, ma sono soprattutto due gli aspetti che sembrano esserne costitutivi: il legame con il rito del concerto, che viene rispettato e reincarnato televisivamente, con la costruzione di una propria, specifica aura; e la presenza di un paradigma implicito e sostanzialmente ineludibile che pone la maggior parte delle riprese televisive entro l’alveo della concezione della musica classica come musica pura, astratta, che deve essere compresa nei suoi propri termini.

Essays in Applied and Labor Economics

This thesis consists of three self-contained papers. In the first paper I analyze the labor supply behavior of Bologna Pizza Delivery Vendors. Recent influential papers analyze labor supply behavior of taxi drivers (Camerer et al., 1997; and Crawford and Meng, 2011) and suggest that reference-dependence preferences have an important influence on drivers’ labor-supply decisions. Unlike previous papers, I am able to identify an exogenous and transitory change in labor demand. Using high frequency data on orders and rainfall as an exogenous demand shifter, I invariably find that reference-dependent preferences play no role in their labor’ supply decisions and the behavior of pizza vendors is perfectly consistent with the predictions of the standard model of labor’ supply. In the second paper, I investigate how the voting behavior of Members of Parliament is influenced by the Members seating nearby. By exploiting the random seating arrangements in the Icelandic Parliament, I show that being seated next to Members of a different party increases the probability of not being aligned with one’s own party. Using the exact spatial orientation of the peers, I provide evidence that supports the hypothesis that interaction is the main channel that explain these results. In the third paper, I provide an estimate of the trade flows that there would have been between the UK and Europe if the UK had joined the Euro. As an alternative approach to the standard log-linear gravity equation I employ the synthetic control method. I show that the aggregate trade flows between Britain and Europe would have been 13% higher if the UK had adopted the Euro.

The social construction of cooperation: exchange, identification and collective intentions within the organization

My aim is to develop a theory of cooperation within the organization and empirically test it. Drawing upon social exchange theory, social identity theory, the idea of collective intentions, and social constructivism, the main assumption of my work implies that both cooperation and the organization itself are continually shaped and restructured by actions, judgments, and symbolic interpretations of the parties involved. Therefore, I propose that the decision to cooperate, expressed say as an intention to cooperate, reflects and depends on a three step social process shaped by the interpretations of the actors involved. The first step entails an instrumental evaluation of cooperation in terms of social exchange. In the second step, this “social calculus” is translated into cognitive, emotional and evaluative reactions directed toward the organization. Finally, once the identification process is completed and membership awareness is established, I propose that individuals will start to think largely in terms of “We” instead of “I”. Self-goals are redefined at the collective level, and the outcomes for self, others, and the organization become practically interchangeable. I decided to apply my theory to an important cooperative problem in management research: knowledge exchange within organizations. Hence, I conducted a quantitative survey among the members of the virtual community, “www.borse.it” (n=108). Within this community, members freely decide to exchange their knowledge about the stock market among themselves. Because of the confirmatory requirements and the structural complexity of the theory proposed (i.e., the proposal that instrumental evaluations will induce social identity and this in turn will causes collective intentions), I use Structural Equation Modeling to test all hypotheses in this dissertation. The empirical survey-based study found support for the theory of cooperation proposed in this dissertation. The findings suggest that an appropriate conceptualization of the decision to exchange knowledge is one where collective intentions depend proximally on social identity (i.e., cognitive identification, affective commitment, and evaluative engagement) with the organization, and this identity depends on instrumental evaluations of cooperators (i.e., perceived value of the knowledge received, assessment of past reciprocity, expected reciprocity, and expected social outcomes of the exchange). Furthermore, I find that social identity fully mediates the effects of instrumental motives on collective intentions.