Economy and environment: Issues on transport externalities, CO2 responsibility and environmental Kuznets curve

In this thesis some of the most important issues presently debated on international sustainability are analysed. The thesis is composed of five independent studies that tackle organically the following issues: the maritime transport externalities, the environmental Kuznets curve, the responsibilities in the carbon dioxide emissions and the integrated approach that have to be used to translate the principles of sustainability into policy. The analysis will be instrumental to demonstrating that sustainability, being a matter of economy, society and environment, requires to be analysed in a transdisciplinary perspective. Using an integrated approach to analyse the relationships between economy and environment, this thesis highlight that sustainability management requires joint economic instruments, integrated analysis, societal behavioural changes as well as responsibilities shifting.

Approcci molecolari e bioinformatici volti alla caratterizzazione di Vgt1, QTL coinvolto nella regolazione dell'epoca di fioritura in Zea Mays

The genetic control of flowering time has been addressed by many quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies. A survey of the results from 29 independent studies reporting information on 441 QTLs led to the production of a QTL consensus map, which enabled the identification of 59 chromosome regions distributed on all chromosomes and shown to be frequently involved in the genetic control of flowering time and related traits. One of the major QTLs for flowering time, the Vegetative to generative transition 1 (Vgt1) locus , corresponds to an upstream (70 kb) non-coding regulatory element of ZmRap2.7, a repressor of flowering. A transposon (MITE) insertion was identified as a major allelic difference within Vgt1. One of the hypotheses is that Vgt1 might function by modifying ZmRap2.7 chromatin through an epigenetic mechanism. Therefore, the methylation state at Vgt1 was investigated using an approach that combines digestion with McrBc, an endonuclease that acts upon methylated DNA, and quantitative PCR. The analyses were performed on genomic DNA from leaves of six different maize lines at four stages of development. The results showed a trend of reduction of methylation from the first to the last stage with the exception of a short genomic region flanking the MITE insertion, which showed a constant and very dense methylation throughout leaf development and for both alleles. Preliminary results from bisulfite sequencing of a small portion of Vgt1 revealed differential methylation of a single cytosine residue between the two alleles. ZmRap2.7 expression was assayed in the four developmental stages afore mentioned for the six genotypes, in order to establish a link between methylation at Vgt1 and ZmRap2.7 transcription. To assess the role of Vgt1 as a transcriptional enhancer, two reporter vectors for stable transformation of plants have been developed.

Envy: A Psychometric Refinement of the Construct

The noticeable differences in the theoretical and operative definitions of envy across studies and approaches have produced a fragmentary representation and understanding of the envious emotion. The present dissertation aimed to clarify the inherent nature of the construct of envy through the integration of findings from three independent studies. We focused on malicious envy, and investigated it from both a dispositional and an episodic perspective. Studies 1 and 2 investigated the dimensionality of envy as a stable individual characteristic and an episodic emotional state, respectively. In order to elicit episodic envy, a scenario-based experiment was conducted. Results indicated that, in both its dispositional and episodic facets, envy is a bidimensional construct composed by an inner-directed dimension of inferiority and helplessness, and an outer-directed dimension of feelings of anger and ill will. Moreover, findings from Study 1 allowed to establish boundaries between envy and competing constructs that have often been included in conceptualizations of envy. The psychometrically validated definition of envy provided by Studies 1 and 2 represents a valuable contribution to empirical research. Implications for envy research concern the promotion of a shared operationalization of envy in future studies, which will arguably facilitate the comparison of findings between studies and between approaches. Study 3 examined the mechanisms through which dispositional envy affects individuals’ social adjustment and psychological wellbeing. Findings revealed that the detrimental effects of envy on perceived social support and subjective well-being are mostly mediated by other personal characteristics, such as neuroticism and self-esteem. By reducing global self-esteem, the envious disposition may damage supportive social networks via antisocial direct and indirect behaviors that may arise from envy and that are likely to drive others away. On the other hand, by damaging both emotional stability and self-worth, dispositional envy leads to reduced subjective well-being. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.

Studio del possibile ruolo del complesso polycomb nel determinare la schisi del labbro e del palato

La labioschisi con o senza palatoschisi non-sindromica (NSCL/P) è tra le più frequenti alterazioni dello sviluppo embrionale, causata dall’interazione di fattori genetici e ambientali, moti dei quali ancora ignoti. L'obiettivo del mio progetto di Dottorato consiste nell’identificazione di fattori di rischio genetico in un processo a due stadi che prevede la selezione di geni candidati e la verifica del loro coinvolgimento nella determinazione della malformazione mediante studi di associazione. Ho analizzato alcuni polimorfismi a singolo nucleotide (SNPs) dei geni RFC1 e DHFR, appartenenti alla via metabolica dell’acido folico, evidenziando una debole associazione tra alcuni degli SNPs indagati e la NSCL/P nella popolazione italiana. Presso il laboratorio della Dott.ssa Mangold dell’Università di Bonn, ho valutato il ruolo di 15 diverse regioni cromosomiche nel determinare la suscettibilità alla malattia, evidenziando una significativa associazione per i marcatori localizzati in 8q24 e 1p22. Ho quindi rivolto la mia attenzione al ruolo del complesso Polycomb nell’insorgenza della schisi. Nell’uomo i due complessi Polycomb, PRC1 e PRC2, rimodellano la cromatina agendo da regolatori dei meccanismi trascrizionali alla base della differenziazione cellulare e dello sviluppo embrionale. Ho ipotizzato che mutazioni a carico di geni appartenenti a PRC2 possano essere considerati potenziali fattori di rischio genetico nel determinare la NSCL/P. Il razionale consiste nel fatto che JARID2, una proteina che interagisce con PRC2, è associata all’insorgenza della NSCL/P ed espressa a livello delle cellule epiteliali delle lamine palatine che si approssimano alla fusione. L’indagine condotta analizzando i geni di elementi o partner dei due complessi Polycomb, ha evidenziato un’associazione significativa con alcuni polimorfismi dei geni indagati, associazione ulteriormente confermata dall’analisi degli aplotipi. Le analisi condotte sui geni candidati mi hanno permesso di raccogliere dati interessanti sull’eziologia della malformazione. Studi indipendenti saranno necessari per poter validare l'associazione tra le varianti genetiche di questi geni candidati e la NSCL/P.