Aspects of Integrability in Gauge/String Correspondence

In this thesis, we present our work about some generalisations of ideas, techniques and physical interpretations typical for integrable models to one of the most outstanding advances in theoretical physics of nowadays: the AdS/CFT correspondences. We have undertaken the problem of testing this conjectured duality under various points of view, but with a clear starting point - the integrability - and with a clear ambitious task in mind: to study the finite-size effects in the energy spectrum of certain string solutions on a side and in the anomalous dimensions of the gauge theory on the other. Of course, the final desire woul be the exact comparison between these two faces of the gauge/string duality. In few words, the original part of this work consists in application of well known integrability technologies, in large parte borrowed by the study of relativistic (1+1)-dimensional integrable quantum field theories, to the highly non-relativisic and much complicated case of the thoeries involved in the recent conjectures of AdS5/CFT4 and AdS4/CFT3 corrspondences. In details, exploiting the spin chain nature of the dilatation operator of N = 4 Super-Yang-Mills theory, we concentrated our attention on one of the most important sector, namely the SL(2) sector - which is also very intersting for the QCD understanding - by formulating a new type of nonlinear integral equation (NLIE) based on a previously guessed asymptotic Bethe Ansatz. The solutions of this Bethe Ansatz are characterised by the length L of the correspondent spin chain and by the number s of its excitations. A NLIE allows one, at least in principle, to make analytical and numerical calculations for arbitrary values of these parameters. The results have been rather exciting. In the important regime of high Lorentz spin, the NLIE clarifies how it reduces to a linear integral equations which governs the subleading order in s, o(s0). This also holds in the regime with L ! 1, L/ ln s finite (long operators case). This region of parameters has been particularly investigated in literature especially because of an intriguing limit into the O(6) sigma model defined on the string side. One of the most powerful methods to keep under control the finite-size spectrum of an integrable relativistic theory is the so called thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz (TBA). We proposed a highly non-trivial generalisation of this technique to the non-relativistic case of AdS5/CFT4 and made the first steps in order to determine its full spectrum - of energies for the AdS side, of anomalous dimensions for the CFT one - at any values of the coupling constant and of the size. At the leading order in the size parameter, the calculation of the finite-size corrections is much simpler and does not necessitate the TBA. It consists in deriving for a nonrelativistc case a method, invented for the first time by L¨uscher to compute the finite-size effects on the mass spectrum of relativisic theories. So, we have formulated a new version of this approach to adapt it to the case of recently found classical string solutions on AdS4 × CP3, inside the new conjecture of an AdS4/CFT3 correspondence. Our results in part confirm the string and algebraic curve calculations, in part are completely new and then could be better understood by the rapidly evolving developments of this extremely exciting research field.

Quantum Integrability in Non-Linear Sigma Models related to Gauge/String Correspondences

The Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz analysis is carried out for the extended-CP^N class of integrable 2-dimensional Non-Linear Sigma Models related to the low energy limit of the AdS_4xCP^3 type IIA superstring theory. The principal aim of this program is to obtain further non-perturbative consistency check to the S-matrix proposed to describe the scattering processes between the fundamental excitations of the theory by analyzing the structure of the Renormalization Group flow. As a noteworthy byproduct we eventually obtain a novel class of TBA models which fits in the known classification but with several important differences. The TBA framework allows the evaluation of some exact quantities related to the conformal UV limit of the model: effective central charge, conformal dimension of the perturbing operator and field content of the underlying CFT. The knowledge of this physical quantities has led to the possibility of conjecturing a perturbed CFT realization of the integrable models in terms of coset Kac-Moody CFT. The set of numerical tools and programs developed ad hoc to solve the problem at hand is also discussed in some detail with references to the code.

Analisi spaziale della longevità in Emilia-Romagna

Negli ultimi anni la longevità è divenuto un argomento di notevole interesse in diversi settori scientifici. Le ricerche volte ad indagare i meccanismi che regolano i fattori della longevità si sono moltiplicate nell’ultimo periodo interessando, in maniera diversa, alcune regioni del territorio italiano. Lo studio presentato nella tesi ha l’obiettivo di identificare eventuali aggregazioni territoriali caratterizzate da una significativa propensione alla longevità nella regione Emilia-Romagna mediante l’impiego di metodologie di clustering spaziale, alcune delle quali di recente implementazione. La popolazione in esame è costituita dagli individui residenti in Emilia- Romagna nel quinquennio 2000-2004 suddivisa in classi di età, sesso e comune. L’analisi è di tipo puramente spaziale, in cui l’unità geografica elementare è identificata dal comune, ed è stata condotta separatamente per i due sessi. L’identificazione delle aree regionali ad elevata longevità è avvenuta utilizzando quattro metodologie di clustering spaziale, basate sulla teoria della massima verosimiglianza, che si differenziano tra loro per la modalità di ricerca dei potenziali clusters. La differenza consiste nella capacità di identificare aggregazioni territoriali di forma regolare (spatial scan statistic, Kulldorff e Nagarwalla,1995; Kulldorff,1997, 1999) o dall’andamento geometrico “libero” (flexible scan statistic, Tango e Takahashi,2005; algoritmo genetico, Duczmal et al.,2007; greedy growth search, Yiannakoulias et al.,2007). Le caratteristiche di ciascuna metodologia consentono, in tal modo, di “catturare” le possibili conformazioni geografiche delle aggregazioni presenti sul territorio e la teoria statistica di base, comune ad esse, consente di effettuare agevolmente un confronto tra i risultati ottenuti. La persistenza di un’area caratterizzata da un’elevata propensione alla longevità consente, infatti, di ritenere il cluster identificato di notevole interesse per approfondimenti successivi. Il criterio utilizzato per la valutazione della persistenza di un cluster è stato derivato dalla teoria dei grafi, con particolare riferimento ai multigrafi. L’idea è confrontare, a parità di parametri di ricerca, i grafi associati alle aggregazioni spaziali identificate con le diverse metodologie attraverso una valutazione delle occorrenze dei collegamenti esistenti tra le coppie di vertici. Alcune valutazioni di carattere demografico ed un esame della letteratura esistente sugli studi di longevità, hanno indotto alla definizione di una classe (aperta) di età per rappresentare il fenomeno nella nostra ricerca: sono stati considerati gli individui con età superiore o uguale a 95 anni (indicata con 95+). La misura di sintesi utilizzata per descrivere il fenomeno è un indicatore specifico di longevità, mutuato dalla demografia, indicato con Centenarian Rate (CR) (Robine e Caselli, 2005). Esso è definito dal rapporto tra la popolazione 95+ e la popolazione residente, nello stesso comune, al censimento del 1961. L’idea alla base del CR è confrontare gli individui longevi di un istante temporale con quelli presenti, nella stessa area, circa 40 anni prima dell’osservazione, ipotizzando che l’effetto migratorio di una popolazione possa ritenersi trascurabile oltre i 60 anni di età. La propensione alla longevità coinvolge in maniera diversa le aree del territorio dell’Emilia-Romagna. Le province della regione caratterizzate da una maggiore longevità sono Bologna, Ravenna e parte di Forlì-Cesena mentre la provincia di Ferrara si distingue per un livello ridotto del fenomeno. La distinzione per sesso non appare netta: gli uomini con età 95+, numericamente inferiori alle donne, risiedono principalmente nei comuni delle province di Bologna e Ravenna, con qualche estensione nel territorio forlivese, analogamente a quanto accade per la popolazione femminile che mostra, tuttavia, una maggiore prevalenza nei territori di Bologna e Forlì-Cesena, includendo alcune aree del riminese. Le province occidentali della regione, invece, non risultano interessate significativamente da questo fenomeno. Le metodologie di cluster detection utilizzate nello studio hanno prodotto risultati pressoché simili seppur con criteri di ricerca differenti. La spatial scan statistic si conferma una metodologia efficace e veloce ma il vincolo geometrico regolare imposto al cluster condiziona il suo utilizzo, rivelando una scarsa adattabilità nell’identificazione di aggregazioni irregolari. La metodologia FSC ha evidenziato buone capacità di ricerca e velocità di esecuzione, completata da una descrizione chiara e dettagliata dei risultati e dalla possibilità di poter visualizzare graficamente i clusters finali, anche se con un livello minimo di dettaglio. Il limite principale della metodologia è la dimensione ridotta del cluster finale: l’eccessivo impegno computazionale richiesto dalla procedura induce a fissare il limite massimo al di sotto delle 30 aree, rendendola così utilizzabile solo nelle indagini in cui si ipotizza un’estensione limitata del fenomeno sul territorio. L’algoritmo genetico GA si rivela efficace nell’identificazione di clusters di qualsiasi forma ed estensione, seppur con una velocità di esecuzione inferiore rispetto alle procedure finora descritte. Senza un’adeguata selezione dei parametri di ricerca,la procedura può individuare clusters molto irregolari ed estesi, consigliando l’uso di penalizzazione non nulla in fase di ricerca. La scelta dei parametri di ricerca non è comunque agevole ed immediata e, spesso, è lasciata all’esperienza del ricercatore. Questo modo di procedere, in aggiunta alla mancanza di informazioni a priori sul fenomeno, aumenta il grado di soggettività introdotto nella selezione dei parametri influenzando i risultati finali. Infine, la metodologia GGS richiede un carico computazionale nettamente superiore rispetto a quello necessario per le altre metodologie utilizzate e l’introduzione di due parametri di controllo favorisce una maggiore arbitrarietà nella selezione dei valori di ricerca adeguati; inoltre, la recente implementazione della procedura e la mancanza di studi su dati reali inducono ad effettuare un numero maggiore di prove durante la fase di ricerca dei clusters.

Design and Computation of Warped Time-Frequency Transforms

In this work we introduce an analytical approach for the frequency warping transform. Criteria for the design of operators based on arbitrary warping maps are provided and an algorithm carrying out a fast computation is defined. Such operators can be used to shape the tiling of time-frequency plane in a flexible way. Moreover, they are designed to be inverted by the application of their adjoint operator. According to the proposed mathematical model, the frequency warping transform is computed by considering two additive operators: the first one represents its nonuniform Fourier transform approximation and the second one suppresses aliasing. The first operator is known to be analytically characterized and fast computable by various interpolation approaches. A factorization of the second operator is found for arbitrary shaped non-smooth warping maps. By properly truncating the operators involved in the factorization, the computation turns out to be fast without compromising accuracy.

Studi sull'epigramma scoptico greco

The dissertation is divided into two parts: the first synthesis focused on the definition of the epigram scoptico imperial age, the second analysis concerns the study of the minor poets of Book XI. In the Introduction (I), the attention focuses on the genesis of imperial scoptic epigram: here you try to draw a picture of the satirical Greek literature before the middle of the century AD to identify the debts of the scoptic epigram, especially Lucillius’, in respect of previous authors (from the Middle-up comedy to epigrams of the Crown of Philip), and to emphasize the remoteness of this literary phenomenon from other experiences of ironic and satirical poetry (Catullus). In the chapter on the Themes (II), the study was limited to professional groups and those most targeted (doctors, grammarians, etc..), to that particular type represented by the satire on ethnic groups. The study of minor poets is necessarily preceded by a general discussion on the authors most representative of the greek satiric poetry: Lucillius, Ammianus, Nicarchus and Palladas (III). All the minor poets of the eleventh book, which you can not provide a date, have been regarded by scholars as the ‘poets of Diogenian’: the chapter on Anthologion of Diogenian (IV), which is undergoing critical to the existence (assumed but never proven) of the lost source of Book XI, therefore, serves as an introduction to the commentary of the authors required minors. During the discussion they are not qualified as poets ‘poets of Diogenian’, but are divided into two categories: those included in the string of alphabetically ordered AP XI 388-436 (V), and those who are not part of (VI). Finally, a separate chapter (VII) is devoted to the age-old question of epigrams assigned to Lucian, both in the string of alphabetically ordered epigrams, as well as outside it.

Strong semiclassical gravity in the universe and the laboratory

Three published papers are resumed in this thesis. Different aspects of the semiclassical theory of gravity are discussed. In chapter 1 we find a new perturbative (yet analytical) solution to the unsolved problem of the metric junction between two Friedmann-Robertson-Walker using Israel's formalism. The case of an expanding radiation core inside an expanding or collapsing dust exterior is treated. This model can be useful in the "landscape" cosmology in string theory or for treating new gravastar configurations. In chapter 2 we investigate the possible use of the Kodama vector field as a substitute for the Killing vector field. In particular we find the response function of an Unruh detector following an (accelerated) Kodama trajectory. The detector has finite extension and backreaction is considered. In chapter 3 we study the possible creation of microscopic black holes at LHC in the brane world model. It is found that the black hole tidal charge has a fundamental role in preventing the formation of the horizon.

Trascriptome analysis and functional genomics of Neisseria meningitidis in human blood

Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) is the major cause of septicemia and meningococcal meningitis. During the course of infection, it must adapt to different host environments as a crucial factor for survival. Despite the severity of meningococcal sepsis, little is known about how Nm adapts to permit survival and growth in human blood. A previous time-course transcriptome analysis, using an ex vivo model of human whole blood infection, showed that Nm alters the expression of nearly 30% of ORFs of the genome: major dynamic changes were observed in the expression of transcriptional regulators, transport and binding proteins, energy metabolism, and surface-exposed virulence factors. Starting from these data, mutagenesis studies of a subset of up-regulated genes were performed and the mutants were tested for the ability to survive in human whole blood; Nm mutant strains lacking the genes encoding NMB1483, NalP, Mip, NspA, Fur, TbpB, and LctP were sensitive to killing by human blood. Then, the analysis was extended to the whole Nm transcriptome in human blood, using a customized 60-mer oligonucleotide tiling microarray. The application of specifically developed software combined with this new tiling array allowed the identification of different types of regulated transcripts: small intergenic RNAs, antisense RNAs, 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions and operons. The expression of these RNA molecules was confirmed by 5’-3’RACE protocol and specific RT-PCR. Here we describe the complete transcriptome of Nm during incubation in human blood; we were able to identify new proteins important for survival in human blood and also to identify additional roles of previously known virulence factors in aiding survival in blood. In addition the tiling array analysis demonstrated that Nm expresses a set of new transcripts, not previously identified, and suggests the presence of a circuit of regulatory RNA elements used by Nm to adapt to proliferate in human blood.

On the GKP Vacuum in Gauge/Gravity Correspondences

Within the framework of the AdS5/CFT4 correspondence, the GKP string living on a AdS5 x S5 background finds a counterpart in the anti-ferromagnetic vacuum state for the spin chain, fruitfully employed to investigate the dual N=4 SYM superconformal gauge theory. The thesis mainly deals with the excitations over such a vacuum: dispersion relations and scattering matrices are computed, moreover a set of Asymptotic Bethe Ansatz equations is formulated. Furthermore, the survey of the GKP vacuum within the AdS4/CFT3 duality between a string theory on AdS4 x CP 3 and N=6 Chern-Simons reveals intriguing connections relating the latter to N=4 SYM, in a peculiar high spin limit.