Validazione e applicazioni cliniche della metodica NIRA (Near Infrared Reflectance Analysis) per la valutazione del contenuto nutrizionale del latte materno in terapia intensiva neonatale

Phase 1: To validate Near-Infrared Reflectance Analysis (NIRA) as a fast, reliable and suitable method for routine evaluation of human milk’s nitrogen and fat content. Phase 2: To determine whether fat content, protein content and osmolality of HM before and after fortification may affect gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in symptomatic preterm infants. Patients and Methods: Phase 1: 124 samples of expressed human milk (55 from preterm mothers and 69 from term mothers) were used to validate NIRA against traditional methods (Gerber method for fat and Kjeldhal method for nitrogen). Phase 2: GER was evaluated in 17 symptomatic preterm newborns fed naïve and fortified HM by combined pH/intraluminal-impedance monitoring (pH-MII). HM fat and protein content was analysed by a Near-Infrared-Reflectance-Analysis (NIRA). HM osmolality was tested before and after fortification. GER indexes measured before and after fortification were compared, and were also related with HM fat and protein content and osmolality before and after fortification. Results: Phase 1: · A strong agreement was found between traditional methods’ and NIRA’s results (expressed as g/100 g of milk), both for fat and nitrogen content in term (mean fat content: NIRA=2.76; Gerber=2.76; mean nitrogen content: NIRA=1.88; Kjeldhal =1.92) and preterm (mean fat content: NIRA=3.56; Kjeldhal=3.52; mean nitrogen content: NIRA=1.91; Kjeldhal =1.89) mother’s milk. · Nitrogen content of the milk samples, measured by NIRA, ranged from 1.18 to 2.71 g/100 g of milk in preterm milk and from 1.48 to 2.47 in term milk; fat content ranged from 1.27 to 6.23 g/100 g of milk in preterm milk and from 1.01 to 6.01 g/100 g of milk in term milk. Phase 2: · An inverse correlation was found between naïve HM protein content and acid reflux index (RIpH: p=0.041, rho=-0.501). · After fortification, osmolality often exceeded the values recommended for infant feeds; furthermore, a statistically significant (p<.05) increase in non acid reflux indexes was observed. Conclusions: NIRA can be used as a fast, reliable and suitable tool for routine monitoring of macronutrient content of human milk. Protein content of naïve HM may influence acid GER in preterm infants. A standard fortification of HM may worsen non acid GER indexes and, due to the extreme variability in HM composition, may overcome both recommended protein intake and HM osmolality. Thus, an individualized fortification, based on the analysis of the composition of naïve HM, could optimize both nutrient intake and feeding tolerance.

Nuovi ingredienti funzionali per l'applicazione in campo alimentare

The Mediterranean diet is rich in healthy substances such as fibres, vitamins and phenols. Often these molecules are lost during food processing. Olive oil milling waste waters, brans, grape skins are some of the most relevant agri-food by-products in the Mediterranean countries. These wastes are still rich in extremely valuable molecules, such as phenolic antioxidants, that have several interesting health promoting properties. Using innovative environmental friendly technologies based in the rational use of enzymatic treatment is possible to obtain from agri-food by-products new ingredients containing antioxidants that can be used as functional ingredients in order to produce fortified foods. These foods, having health protecting/promoting properties, on top of the traditional nutritional properties, are attracting consumer’s attentions due to the increasing awareness on health protection through prevention. The use of these new ingredients in different food preparation was studied in order to evaluate the effects that the food processing might have on the antioxidant fraction, the effect of these ingredient on foods appearances as well as the impact in terms of taste and scent, crucial feature for the acceptability of the final product. Using these new ingredients was possible to produce antioxidant bred, pasta, cheese, cookies and ice-cream. These food products retains very well the antioxidant properties conferred by the added ingredients despite the very different treatments that were performed. The food obtained had a good palatability and in some cases the final product had also a good success on the market.

Pubblici poteri e signorie di castello nella romagna nord-occidentale (secoli XI-XIII)

La presente ricerca di dottorato consiste in un’analisi di carattere politico ed istituzionale dei poteri signorili e territoriali, collegati a distretti castrensi, documentati nella Romagna nord-occidentale durante il pieno medioevo. L’indagine mira a ricostruire, principalmente attraverso fonti documentarie, alcune delle quali inedite, la geografia dei poteri in un’area sub-regionale, con particolare attenzione al fenomeno della signoria rurale, dei poteri comitali e dell’incastellamento. Partendo dallo studio di una realtà locale, la ricerca arriva a sviluppare argomentazioni di carattere generale, ricollegandosi al dibattito storiografico sui poteri signorili e l’incastellamento. La ricerca risulta incentrata sui soggetti politici, laici ed ecclesiastici, detentori dei castelli e dei poteri pubblici nella Bassa Romagna, in primo luogo gli arcivescovi di Ravenna, i vescovi e i conti di Imola, le famiglie comitali di Cunio, Bagnacavallo e Donigallia nei secoli XI-XIII. L'attenzione si concentra, in particolare, sulla fase del cosiddetto “secondo incastellamento” e sui decenni a cavaliere tra XII e XIII secolo, con il tentativo di espansione dei comuni nel contado e la formalizzazione dei poteri dei signori rurali da parte dei sovrani svevi. Proprio alla complessa interazione con il mondo cittadino e allo stretto rapporto dei Cunio e dei Malvicini con la corte di Federico II viene dato ampio spazio nei capitoli conclusivi del presente lavoro.

La casa ellenistica in Epiro ed Illiria meridionale

Il ritrovamento della Casa dei due peristili a Phoinike ha aperto la strada a un’intensa opera di revisione di tutti i dati relativi all’edilizia domestica nella regione, con studi comparativi verso nord (Illiria meridionale) e verso sud (il resto dell’Epiro, ovvero Tesprozia e Molossia). Tutta quest’area della Grecia nord-occidentale è stata caratterizzata nell’antichità da un’urbanizzazione scarsa numericamente e tardiva cronologicamente (non prima del IV sec. a.C.), a parte ovviamente le colonie corinzio-corciresi di area Adriatico- Ionica d’età arcaica (come Ambracia, Apollonia, Epidamnos). A un’urbanistica di tipo razionale e programmato (ad es. Cassope, Orraon, Gitani in Tesprozia, Antigonea in Caonia) si associano numerosi casi di abitati cresciuti soprattutto in rapporto alla natura del suolo, spesso diseguale e montagnoso (ad es. Dymokastro/Elina in Tesprozia, Çuka e Aitoit nella Kestrine), talora semplici villaggi fortificati, privi di una vera fisionomia urbana. D’altro canto il concetto classico di polis così come lo impieghiamo normalmente per la Grecia centro-meridionale non ha valore qui, in uno stato di tipo federale e dominato dall’economia del pascolo e della selva. In questo contesto l’edilizia domestica assume caratteri differenti fra IV e I sec. a.C.: da un lato le città ortogonali ripetono schemi egualitari con poche eccezioni, soprattutto alle origini (IV sec. a.C., come a Cassope e forse a Gitani), dall’altro si delinea una spiccata differenziazione a partire dal III sec., quando si adottano modelli architettonici differenti, come i peristili, indizio di una più forte differenziazione sociale (esemplari i casi di Antigonea e anche di Byllis in Illiria meridionale). I centri minori e fortificati d’altura impiegano formule abitative più semplici, che sfruttano l’articolazione del terreno roccioso per realizzare abitazioni a quote differenti, utilizzando la roccia naturale anche come pareti o pavimenti dei vani.

Abitati rupestri e citta' fortificate nella Sicilia occidentale dai bizantini ai normanni

La ricerca effettuata, analizza in modo razionale ma contestualmente divulgativo, le dinamiche insediative che hanno caratterizzato il paesaggio della Sicilia occidentale dall'occupazione bizantina al dominio da parte dei Normanni ( 535-1194 d.C. circa ). Il volume presenta una chiara raccolta dei documenti e delle fonti letterarie che riguarda gli abitati rurali ed i borghi incastellati della Sicilia occidentale e pone l’interesse sia per la cultura materiale che per la gestione ed organizzazione del territorio. Attraverso i risultati delle attestazioni documentarie, unite alle ricerche archeologiche ( effettuate nel territorio preso in esame sia in passato che nel corso degli ultimi anni ) viene redatto un elenco dei siti archeologici e dei resti monumentali ( aggiornato fino al 2013-14 ) in funzione della tutela, conservazione e valorizzazione del paesaggio. Sulla base dei documenti rinvenuti e delle varie fonti prese in esame ( letterarie, archeologiche, monumentali, toponomastiche ) vengono effettuate alcune considerazioni sull’insediamento sparso, sull’incastellamento, sulle istituzioni e sulla formazione delle civitates. L’indagine svolta, attraverso cui sono stati individuati i documenti e le fonti, comprende anche una parziale ricostruzione topografica dei principali centri abitativi indagati. Per alcune sporadiche strutture medievali, talvolta raffigurate in fortuite stampe del XVI-XVII secolo, è stato possibile, in aggiunta, eseguire un rilievo architettonico. La descrizione degli abitati rurali e dei siti fortificati, infine, è arricchita da una serie di schede in cui vengono evidenziati i siti archeologici, i resti monumentali ed i reperti più interessanti del periodo bizantino, arabo e normanno-svevo della Sicilia occidentale.

Data management and data analysis in the large European projects GEHA (GEnetics of Healthy Aging) and NU-AGE (NUtrition and AGEing): a bioinformatic approach

The aging process is characterized by the progressive fitness decline experienced at all the levels of physiological organization, from single molecules up to the whole organism. Studies confirmed inflammaging, a chronic low-level inflammation, as a deeply intertwined partner of the aging process, which may provide the “common soil” upon which age-related diseases develop and flourish. Thus, albeit inflammation per se represents a physiological process, it can rapidly become detrimental if it goes out of control causing an excess of local and systemic inflammatory response, a striking risk factor for the elderly population. Developing interventions to counteract the establishment of this state is thus a top priority. Diet, among other factors, represents a good candidate to regulate inflammation. Building on top of this consideration, the EU project NU-AGE is now trying to assess if a Mediterranean diet, fortified for the elderly population needs, may help in modulating inflammaging. To do so, NU-AGE enrolled a total of 1250 subjects, half of which followed a 1-year long diet, and characterized them by mean of the most advanced –omics and non –omics analyses. The aim of this thesis was the development of a solid data management pipeline able to efficiently cope with the results of these assays, which are now flowing inside a centralized database, ready to be used to test the most disparate scientific hypotheses. At the same time, the work hereby described encompasses the data analysis of the GEHA project, which was focused on identifying the genetic determinants of longevity, with a particular focus on developing and applying a method for detecting epistatic interactions in human mtDNA. Eventually, in an effort to propel the adoption of NGS technologies in everyday pipeline, we developed a NGS variant calling pipeline devoted to solve all the sequencing-related issues of the mtDNA.

Gut microbiota perturbation induced by emerging dietary habits: an in vitro colon model to predict their effects by a microbiomic and metabolomic approach

Over the past 30 years, unhealthy diets and lifestyles have increased the incidence of noncommunicable diseases and are culprits of diffusion on world’s population of syndromes as obesity or other metabolic disorders, reaching pandemic proportions. In order to comply with such scenario, the food industry has tackled these challenges with different approaches, as the reformulation of foods, fortification of foods, substitution of ingredients and supplements with healthier ingredients, reduced animal protein, reduced fats and improved fibres applications. Although the technological quality of these emerging food products is known, the impact they have on the gut microbiota of consumers remains unclear. In the present PhD thesis, the recipient work was conducted to study different foods with the substitution of the industrial and market components to that of novel green oriented and sustainable ingredients. So far, this thesis included eight representative case studies of the most common substitutions/additions/fortifications in dairy, meat, and vegetable products. The products studied were: (i) a set of breads fortified with polyphenol-rich olive fiber, to replace synthetic antioxidant and preservatives, (ii) a set of Gluten-free breads fortified with algae powder, to fortify the protein content of standard GF products, (iii) different formulations of salami where nitrates were replaced by ascorbic acid and vegetal extract antioxidants and nitrate-reducers starter cultures, (iv) chocolate fiber plus D-Limonene food supplement, as a novel prebiotic formula, (v) hemp seed bran and its alkalase hydrolysate, to introduce as a supplement, (vi) milk with and without lactose, to evaluate the different impact on human colonic microbiota of healthy or lactose-intolerants, (vii) lactose-free whey fermented and/or with probiotics added, to be introduced as an alternative beverage, exploring its impact on human colonic microbiota from healthy or lactose-intolerants, and (viii) antibiotics, to assess whether maternal amoxicillin affects the colon microbiota of piglets.