L'edilizia residenziale nell'era dell'economia circolare. Modelli e paradigmi per la rigenerazione delle periferie urbane

Il patrimonio residenziale italiano ammonta a 12,2 milioni di edifici, di cui il 57,5% ha più di 50 anni ed è stato costruito in assenza di normative specifiche, in termini di sicurezza sismica, resistenza al fuoco, efficienza energetica e accessibilità, e manifesta un’avanzata obsolescenza. Agire su questo patrimonio significa operare tramite le due macro categorie di intervento: demolizione/ricostruzione o riqualificazione energetica. Questa ricerca dottorale vuole indagare la demolizione/ricostruzione di comparti urbani periferici, costruiti tra 1945-1965, quale strategia di rigenerazione urbana, integrandola in un modello edilizio basato sui criteri dell’economia circolare. Vengono definite le caratteristiche costruttive e i principi di questo modello di progettazione ecosistemica, denominato Integrho, che coniuga i criteri di ecodesign nel ciclo di vita (Building in Layers, Design for Disassembly e il Design out Waste) con quelli di bioclimaticità e di adattabilità funzionale. Il lavoro è stato improntato secondo due livelli gerarchici, scala urbana e scala edilizia, tra loro correlate mediante quella intermedia dell’isolato, al fine di ottenere un obiettivo di natura metodologica: definire uno strumento di supporto decisionale, capace di indirizzare tra le categorie di intervento attraverso parametri oggettivi, valutati con analisi comparative speditive. Tale metodologia viene applicata al contesto di Bologna, e si fonda sulla creazione di un’approfondita base conoscitiva attraverso la catalogazione delle 8.209 pratiche edilizie di nuova costruzione presentate tra 1945 e il 1965. Tale strumento georeferenziato, contenente informazioni tipologiche, costruttive ecc., è impiegato per valutare in modo quantitativo e speditivo i consumi energetici, i materiali incorporati, gli impatti ambientali e i costi economici dei differenti scenari di intervento nel ciclo di vita. Infine, l’applicazione del modello edilizio Integrho e del paradigma Ri-Costruire per Ri-Generare ad uno degli isolati periferici selezionati, è impiegata come esemplificazione dell’intero processo, dalla fase conoscitiva a quella strumentale, al fine di verificarne l’attendibilità e l’applicabilità su larga scala.

Changes in plant metabolism induced by dioxygenase inhibitors and their effect on the epiphytic microbial community and fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) control

Fire blight, caused by the gram negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of Pomaceous plants. Therefore, the development of reliable methods to control this disease is desperately needed. This research investigated the possibility to interfere, by altering plant metabolism, on the interactions occurring between Erwinia amylovora, the host plant and the epiphytic microbial community in order to obtain a more effective control of fire blight. Prohexadione-calcium and trinexapac-ethyl, two dioxygenase inhibitors, were chosen as a chemical tool to influence plant metabolism. These compounds inhibit the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and, therefore, they greatly influence plant metabolism. Moreover, dioxygenase inhibitors were found to enhance plant resistance to a wide range of pathogens. In particular, dioxygenase inhibitors application seems a promising method to control fire blight. From cited literature, it is assumed that these compounds increase plant defence mainly by a transient alteration of flavonoids metabolism. We tried to demonstrate, that the reduction of susceptibility to disease could be partially due to an indirect influence on the microbial community established on plant surface. The possibility to influence the interactions occurring in the epiphytic microbial community is particularly interesting, in fact, the relationships among different bacterial populations on plant surface is a key factor for a more effective biological control of plant diseases. Furthermore, we evaluated the possibility to combine the application of dioxygenase inhibitors with biological control in order to develop an integrate strategy for control of fire blight. The first step for this study was the isolation of a pathogenic strain of E. amylovora. In addition, we isolated different epiphytic bacteria, which respond to general requirements for biological control agents. Successively, the effect of dioxygenase inhibitors treatment on microbial community was investigated on different plant organs (stigmas, nectaries and leaves). An increase in epiphytic microbial population was found. Further experiments were performed with aim to explain this effect. In particular, changes in sugar content of nectar were observed. These changes, decreasing the osmotic potential of nectar, might allow a more consistent growth of epiphytic bacteria on blossoms. On leaves were found similar differences as well. As far as the interactions between E. amylovora and host plant, they were deeply investigated by advanced microscopical analysis. The influence of dioxygenase inhibitors and SAR inducers application on the infection process and migration of pathogen inside different plant tissues was studied. These microscopical techniques, combined with the use of gpf-labelled E. amylovora, allowed the development of a bioassay method for resistance inducers efficacy screening. The final part of the work demonstrated that the reduction of disease susceptibility observed in plants treated with prohexadione-calcium is mainly due to the accumulation of a novel phytoalexins: luteoforol. This 3-deoxyflavonoid was proven to have a strong antimicrobial activity.