Aspetti di sostenibilità in agricoltura a diverse scale spaziali e temporali. Valutazioni ambientali, economiche ed energetiche.

La Tesi analizza le relazioni tra i processi di sviluppo agricolo e l’uso delle risorse naturali, in particolare di quelle energetiche, a livello internazionale (paesi in via di sviluppo e sviluppati), nazionale (Italia), regionale (Emilia Romagna) e aziendale, con lo scopo di valutare l’eco-efficienza dei processi di sviluppo agricolo, la sua evoluzione nel tempo e le principali dinamiche in relazione anche ai problemi di dipendenza dalle risorse fossili, della sicurezza alimentare, della sostituzione tra superfici agricole dedicate all’alimentazione umana ed animale. Per i due casi studio a livello macroeconomico è stata adottata la metodologia denominata “SUMMA” SUstainability Multi-method, multi-scale Assessment (Ulgiati et al., 2006), che integra una serie di categorie d’impatto dell’analisi del ciclo di vita, LCA, valutazioni costi-benefici e la prospettiva di analisi globale della contabilità emergetica. L’analisi su larga scala è stata ulteriormente arricchita da un caso studio sulla scala locale, di una fattoria produttrice di latte e di energia elettrica rinnovabile (fotovoltaico e biogas). Lo studio condotto mediante LCA e valutazione contingente ha valutato gli effetti ambientali, economici e sociali di scenari di riduzione della dipendenza dalle fonti fossili. I casi studio a livello macroeconomico dimostrano che, nonostante le politiche di supporto all’aumento di efficienza e a forme di produzione “verdi”, l’agricoltura a livello globale continua ad evolvere con un aumento della sua dipendenza dalle fonti energetiche fossili. I primi effetti delle politiche agricole comunitarie verso una maggiore sostenibilità sembrano tuttavia intravedersi per i Paesi Europei. Nel complesso la energy footprint si mantiene alta poiché la meccanizzazione continua dei processi agricoli deve necessariamente attingere da fonti energetiche sostitutive al lavoro umano. Le terre agricole diminuiscono nei paesi europei analizzati e in Italia aumentando i rischi d’insicurezza alimentare giacché la popolazione nazionale sta invece aumentando.

Scienza della sostenibilita' e regolazione: Il caso studio della politica europea in materia di risparmio energetico

Entro l’approccio concettuale e metodologico transdisciplinare della Scienza della Sostenibilità, la presente tesi elabora un background teorico per concettualizzare una definizione di sostenibilità sulla cui base proporre un modello di sviluppo alternativo a quello dominante, declinato in termini di proposte concrete entro il caso-studio di regolazione europea in materia di risparmio energetico. La ricerca, attraverso un’analisi transdisciplinare, identifica una crisi strutturale del modello di sviluppo dominante basato sulla crescita economica quale (unico) indicatore di benessere e una crisi valoriale. L’attenzione si concentra quindi sull’individuazione di un paradigma idoneo a rispondere alle criticità emerse dall’analisi. A tal fine vengono esaminati i concetti di sviluppo sostenibile e di sostenibilità, arrivando a proporre un nuovo paradigma (la “sostenibilità ecosistemica”) che dia conto dell’impossibilità di una crescita infinita su un sistema caratterizzato da risorse limitate. Vengono poi presentate delle proposte per un modello di sviluppo sostenibile alternativo a quello dominante. Siffatta elaborazione teorica viene declinata in termini concreti mediante l’elaborazione di un caso-studio. A tal fine, viene innanzitutto analizzata la funzione della regolazione come strumento per garantire l’applicazione pratica del modello teorico. L’attenzione è concentrata sul caso-studio rappresentato dalla politica e regolazione dell’Unione Europea in materia di risparmio ed efficienza energetica. Dall’analisi emerge una progressiva commistione tra i due concetti di risparmio energetico ed efficienza energetica, per la quale vengono avanzate delle motivazioni e individuati dei rischi in termini di effetti rebound. Per rispondere alle incongruenze tra obiettivo proclamato dall’Unione Europea di riduzione dei consumi energetici e politica effettivamente perseguita, viene proposta una forma di “regolazione per la sostenibilità” in ambito abitativo residenziale che, promuovendo la condivisione dei servizi energetici, recuperi il significato proprio di risparmio energetico come riduzione del consumo mediante cambiamenti di comportamento, arricchendolo di una nuova connotazione come “bene relazionale” per la promozione del benessere relazionale ed individuale.

Novita' sul mercato dei sistemi di pagamento: Gli istituti di pagamento e gli istituti di moneta elettronica

La presente trattazione analizza le novità normative apportate dalle recenti direttive europee sui servizi di pagamento e sulla moneta elettronica (rispettivamente la direttiva 2007/64/CE, c.c. Payment Services Directive o PSD, e la direttiva 2009/110/CE, detta Electronic Money Directive 2 o EMD2). Al fine di incrementare la competitività dei servizi di pagamento, sono stati introdotti nuovi prestatori di servizi di pagamento, non bancari, gli Istituti di Pagamento (IP) e gli Istituti di Moneta Elettronica (IMEL), a cui è stata attribuita la possibilità di far ricorso al contratto di conto di pagamento per la gestione dei servizi di pagamento con possibilità di finanziamento agli utenti. La prima parte della presente trattazione è dedicata alla configurazione giuridica dei nuovi prestatori di servizi di pagamento, influenzante la diffusione dei pagamenti digitali e della moneta elettronica. La seconda parte è rivolta alla ricostruzione giuridica del conto di pagamento, contratto – tipo per la gestione in conto dei servizi di pagamento, ed all’analisi delle modalità di erogazione dei finanziamenti agli utenti. Le direttive predette hanno inoltre attribuito ad IP ed IMEL la facoltà di emettere le carte di pagamento a spendibilità generalizzata, ossia carte di debito e carte di credito. In quanto abilitati all’emissione di moneta elettronica, gli IMEL possono inoltre emettere i c.d. borsellini di moneta elettronica, cioè i dispositivi di memorizzazione e di movimentazione della moneta elettronica. Nella terza parte della trattazione vengono, pertanto, presi in analisi la natura di tali strumenti di pagamento e le differenze intercorrenti rispetto agli affini strumenti bancari. In particolare, ampio spazio è dedicato alla ricostruzione giuridica dei borsellini di moneta elettronica, la cui diffusione tra gli utenti potrebbe avere l’effetto di favorire la progressiva digitalizzazione dei pagamenti e la realizzazione della cashless society.

Strategies and procedures for the development of intermodal freight transport in Europe: the role of motorways of the sea services and railway terminals

Since the birth of the European Union on 1957, the development of a single market through the integration of national freight transport networks has been one of the most important points in the European Union agenda. Increasingly congested motorways, rising oil prices and concerns about environment and climate change require the optimization of transport systems and transport processes. The best solution should be the intermodal transport, in which the most efficient transport options are used for the different legs of transport. This thesis examines the problem of defining innovative strategies and procedures for the sustainable development of intermodal freight transport in Europe. In particular, the role of maritime transport and railway transport in the intermodal chain are examined in depth, as these modes are recognized to be environmentally friendly and energy efficient. Maritime transport is the only mode that has kept pace with the fast growth in road transport, but it is necessary to promote the full exploitation of it by involving short sea shipping as an integrated service in the intermodal door-to-door supply chain and by improving port accessibility. The role of Motorways of the Sea services as part of the Trans-European Transport Network is is taken into account: a picture of the European policy and a state of the art of the Italian Motorways of the Sea system are reported. Afterwards, the focus shifts from line to node problems: the role of intermodal railway terminals in the transport chain is discussed. In particular, the last mile process is taken into account, as it is crucial in order to exploit the full capacity of an intermodal terminal. The difference between the present last mile planning models of Bologna Interporto and Verona Quadrante Europa is described and discussed. Finally, a new approach to railway intermodal terminal planning and management is introduced, by describing the case of "Terminal Gate" at Verona Quadrante Europa. Some proposals to favour the integrate management of "Terminal Gate" and the allocation of its capacity are drawn up.

Advanced Waste-To-Energy Cycles

The increase in environmental and healthy concerns, combined with the possibility to exploit waste as a valuable energy resource, has led to explore alternative methods for waste final disposal. In this context, the energy conversion of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Waste-To-Energy (WTE) power plant is increasing throughout Europe, both in terms of plants number and capacity, furthered by legislative directives. Due to the heterogeneous nature of waste, some differences with respect to a conventional fossil fuel power plant have to be considered in the energy conversion process. In fact, as a consequence of the well-known corrosion problems, the thermodynamic efficiency of WTE power plants typically ranging in the interval 25% ÷ 30%. The new Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC promotes production of energy from waste introducing an energy efficiency criteria (the so-called “R1 formula”) to evaluate plant recovery status. The aim of the Directive is to drive WTE facilities to maximize energy recovery and utilization of waste heat, in order to substitute energy produced with conventional fossil fuels fired power plants. This calls for novel approaches and possibilities to maximize the conversion of MSW into energy. In particular, the idea of an integrated configuration made up of a WTE and a Gas Turbine (GT) originates, driven by the desire to eliminate or, at least, mitigate limitations affecting the WTE conversion process bounding the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle. The aim of this Ph.D thesis is to investigate, from a thermodynamic point of view, the integrated WTE-GT system sharing the steam cycle, sharing the flue gas paths or combining both ways. The carried out analysis investigates and defines the logic governing plants match in terms of steam production and steam turbine power output as function of the thermal powers introduced.

Soil organic carbon dynamics under perennial energy crops

The European renewable energy directive 2009/28/EC (E.C. 2009) provides a legislative framework for reducing GHG emissions by 20%, while achieving a 20% share of energy from renewable sources by 2020. Perennial energy crops could significantly contribute to limit GHG emissions through replacing equivalent fossil fuels and by sequestering a considerable amount of carbon into the soil through the large amounts of belowground biomass produced. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of land use change that perennial energy crops have on croplands (switchgrass) and marginal grasslands (miscanthus). For that purpose above and belowground biomass, SOC variation and Net Ecosystem Exchange were evaluated after five years of growth. At aboveground level both crops produced high biomass under cropland conditions as well as under marginal soils. At belowground level they also produced large amounts of biomass, but no significant influences on SOC in the upper layer (0-30 cm) were found. This is probably because of the "priming effect" that caused fast carbon substitution. In switchgrass only it was found a significant SOC increase in deeper layers (30-60 cm), while in the whole soil profile (0-60 cm) SOC increased from 42 to 51 ha-1. However, the short experimental periods (for both switchgrass and miscanthus), in which land use change was evaluated, do not permit to determine the real capacity of perennial energy crops to accumulate SOC. In conclusion the large amounts of belowground biomass enhanced the SOC dynamic through the priming effect resulting in increased SOC in cropland but not in marginal grassland.

Development of a microgrid with renewable energy sources and electrochemical storage system integration

Beside the traditional paradigm of "centralized" power generation, a new concept of "distributed" generation is emerging, in which the same user becomes pro-sumer. During this transition, the Energy Storage Systems (ESS) can provide multiple services and features, which are necessary for a higher quality of the electrical system and for the optimization of non-programmable Renewable Energy Source (RES) power plants. A ESS prototype was designed, developed and integrated into a renewable energy production system in order to create a smart microgrid and consequently manage in an efficient and intelligent way the energy flow as a function of the power demand. The produced energy can be introduced into the grid, supplied to the load directly or stored in batteries. The microgrid is composed by a 7 kW wind turbine (WT) and a 17 kW photovoltaic (PV) plant are part of. The load is given by electrical utilities of a cheese factory. The ESS is composed by the following two subsystems, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and a Power Control System (PCS). With the aim of sizing the ESS, a Remote Grid Analyzer (RGA) was designed, realized and connected to the wind turbine, photovoltaic plant and the switchboard. Afterwards, different electrochemical storage technologies were studied, and taking into account the load requirements present in the cheese factory, the most suitable solution was identified in the high temperatures salt Na-NiCl2 battery technology. The data acquisition from all electrical utilities provided a detailed load analysis, indicating the optimal storage size equal to a 30 kW battery system. Moreover a container was designed and realized to locate the BESS and PCS, meeting all the requirements and safety conditions. Furthermore, a smart control system was implemented in order to handle the different applications of the ESS, such as peak shaving or load levelling.

Machine learning as a service for high energy physics (MLaaS4HEP): a service for ML-based data analyses

With the CERN LHC program underway, there has been an acceleration of data growth in the High Energy Physics (HEP) field and the usage of Machine Learning (ML) in HEP will be critical during the HL-LHC program when the data that will be produced will reach the exascale. ML techniques have been successfully used in many areas of HEP nevertheless, the development of a ML project and its implementation for production use is a highly time-consuming task and requires specific skills. Complicating this scenario is the fact that HEP data is stored in ROOT data format, which is mostly unknown outside of the HEP community. The work presented in this thesis is focused on the development of a ML as a Service (MLaaS) solution for HEP, aiming to provide a cloud service that allows HEP users to run ML pipelines via HTTP calls. These pipelines are executed by using the MLaaS4HEP framework, which allows reading data, processing data, and training ML models directly using ROOT files of arbitrary size from local or distributed data sources. Such a solution provides HEP users non-expert in ML with a tool that allows them to apply ML techniques in their analyses in a streamlined manner. Over the years the MLaaS4HEP framework has been developed, validated, and tested and new features have been added. A first MLaaS solution has been developed by automatizing the deployment of a platform equipped with the MLaaS4HEP framework. Then, a service with APIs has been developed, so that a user after being authenticated and authorized can submit MLaaS4HEP workflows producing trained ML models ready for the inference phase. A working prototype of this service is currently running on a virtual machine of INFN-Cloud and is compliant to be added to the INFN Cloud portfolio of services.