Lo sviluppo dell'allevamento in Emilia-Romagna Aspetti economici e implicazioni sociali nella gestione della risorsa animale durante l’età del Bronzo

Il dibattito sullo sviluppo delle culture dell’età del Bronzo nel territorio dell’Emilia-Romagna sta portando una rinnovata attenzione sull’area romagnola. Le indagini si sono concentrate sull’area compresa tra il fiume Panaro e il Mare Adriatico, riconoscibile nell’odierna Romagna ed in parte della bassa pianura emiliana. Si trattava un territorio strategico, un vero e proprio crocevia socio-economico fra la cultura terramaricola e quelle centro italiche di Grotta Nuova. La presente ricerca di dottorato ha portato alla ricostruzione dei sistemi di gestione e di sfruttamento delle risorse animali in Emilia-Romagna durante l’Età del Bronzo, con particolare attenzione alla definizione della capacità portante ambientale dei diversi territori indagati e delle loro modalità di sfruttamento in relazione alla razionalizzazione della pratiche di allevamento. Sono state studiate in dettaglio le filiere di trasformazione dei prodotti animali primari e secondari definendo, quindi, i caratteri delle paleoeconomie locali nel processo di evoluzione della Romagna durante l’età del Bronzo. La ricerca si è basata sullo studio archeozoologico completo su 13 siti recentemente indagati, distribuiti nelle provincie di: Bologna, Ferrara, Ravenna, Forlì/Cesena e Rimini, e su una revisione completa delle evidenze archeozoologiche prodotte da studi pregressi. Le analisi non si sono limitate al riconoscimento delle specie, ma hanno teso all’individuazione ed alla valutazione di parametri complessi per ricostruire le strategie di abbattimento e le tecniche di sfruttamento e macellazione dei diversi gruppi animali. E’ stato possibile, quindi, valutare il peso ecologico di mandrie e greggi sul territorio e l’impatto economico ed ecologico di un allevamento sempre più sistematico e razionale, sia dal punto di vista dell’organizzazione territoriale degli insediamenti, sia per quanto riguarda le ripercussioni sulla gestione delle risorse agricole ed ambientali in generale.

R.P.C.M. Apulia (Reconstructing Prehistoric Communities’ Mobility in Apulia)

The research originates in the necessity to bring a new systematic archaeological perspective to the prehistoric background of northern Apulia. Therefore, the aim of the R.P.C.M. Apulia project is to shed new light on a specific chronological arch, from the Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, of the northern part of the Apulia, because the related studies resulted updated to the 70-80’s with some sporadic exception. Moreover, addressing the investigation to the relationship between the communities and the landscape, so how they could exploit the lands and how they could move into this area keeping in touch. To reconstruct the Prehistorical dynamics, it has been necessary first of all to create a database containing all the information about the sites thus to validate them and classifying them according to a model specifically built. The storing operation has been conducted with the software ArcGIS v.10.1 and the sites have been georeferenced on the map as points. It provided the basis on which developing the analysis concerning the mobility (Least Cost Path) and landscape perception (Fuzzy Viewshed Analysis). The first one has been considered to evaluate the mobility into the study area. Therefore, to generate sample paths on the base of the time in reaching a specific point and the terrain trend. The gained information has been collected to hypothesize how they could keep in touch across the chronological changes for purposes related to trading/idea/people exchanges. The visibility analysis has been led to grasp how the groups perceived the landscape through the sight. This datum covered an important role, especially from the Copper Age, concerning the domain and control of the trading ways. The data coming from the mentioned analysis have been used to read into the settlement choices according to the development of the new socio-economic relationships and plan survey activity.

Microglial involvement in brain physiopathology: in vitro studies using rat primary cultures

Microglial involvement in neurological disorders is well-established, being microglial activation not only associated with neurotoxic consequences, but also with neuroprotective effects. The studies presented here, based on microglia rat primary cell cultures and mainly on microglial conditioned medium (MCM), show insights into the mechanism of Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) secretion by microglia as well as their neuroprotective effect towards primary cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) exposed to the dopaminergic toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). SOD1 and ApoE are released respectively through non-classical lysosomal or the classical ER/Golgi-mediated secretion pathway. Microglial conditioned medium, in which SOD1 and ApoE accumulated, protected CGNs from degeneration and these effects were replicated when exogenous SOD1 or ApoE was added to a non-conditioned medium. SOD1 neuroprotective action was mediated by increased cell calcium from an external source. ApoE release is negatively affected by microglia activation, both with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Benzoylbenzoyl-ATP (Bz-ATP) but is stimulated by neuronal-conditioned medium as well as in microglia-neurons co-culture conditions. This neuronal-stimulated microglial ApoE release is differently regulated by activation states (i.e. LPS vs ATP) and by 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurodegeneration. In co-culture conditions, microglial ApoE release is essential for neuroprotection, since microglial ApoE silencing through siRNA abrogated protection of cerebellar granule neurons against 6-OHDA toxicity. Therefore, these molecules could represent a target for manipulation aimed at promoting neuroprotection in brain diseases. Considering a pathological context, and the microglial ability to adopt a neuroprotective or neurotoxic profile, we characterize the microglial M1/M2 phenotype in transgenic rats (McGill-R-Thy1-APP) which reproduce extensively the Alzheimer’s-like amyloid pathology. Here, for the first time, cortical, hippocampal and cerebellar microglia of wild type and transgenic adult rats were compared, at both early and advanced stages of the pathology. In view of possible therapeutic translations, these findings are relevant to test microglial neuroprotection, in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Study of Bone Biomineralization in 2D and 3D Cultures of a Human Osteosarcoma Cell Line As Osteoblast-like Model

This PhD project focuses on the study of the early stages of bone biomineralization in 2D and 3D cultures of osteoblast-like SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells, exposed to an osteogenic cocktail. The efficacy of osteogenic treatment was assessed on 2D cell cultures after 7 days. A large calcium minerals production, an overexpression of osteogenic markers and of alkaline phosphatase activity occurred in treated samples. TEM microscopy and cryo-XANES micro-spectroscopy were performed for localizing and characterizing Ca-depositions. These techniques revealed a different localization and chemical composition of Ca-minerals over time and after treatment. Nevertheless, the Mito stress test showed in treated samples a significant increase in maximal respiration levels associated to an upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis indicative of an ongoing differentiation process. The 3D cell cultures were realized using two different hydrogels: a commercial collagen type I and a mixture of agarose and lactose-modified chitosan (CTL). Both biomaterials showed good biocompatibility with SaOS-2 cells. The gene expression analysis of SaOS-2 cells on collagen scaffolds indicated an osteogenic commitment after treatment. and Alizarin red staining highlighted the presence of Ca-spots in the differentiated samples. In addition, the intracellular magnesium quantification, and the X-ray microscopy on mineral depositions, suggested the incorporation of Mg during the early stages of bone formation process., SaOS-2 cells treated with osteogenic cocktail produced Ca mineral deposits also on CTL/agarose scaffolds, as confirmed by alizarin red staining. Further studies are underway to evaluate the differentiation also at the genetic level. Thanks to the combination of conventional laboratory methods and synchrotron-based techniques, it has been demonstrated that SaOS-2 is a suitable model for the study of biomineralization in vitro. These results have contributed to a deeper knowledge of biomineralization process in osteosarcoma cells and could provide new evidences about a therapeutic strategy acting on the reversibility of tumorigenicity by osteogenic induction.