Valutazione delle politiche di sviluppo locale: una comparazione internazionale

Lo sviluppo locale rappresenta, non solo per gli economisti, un tema di analisi sempre più rilevante sia al livello istituzionale che al livello scientifico. La complessità degli aspetti inerenti lo sviluppo locale richiede il coinvolgimento di diverse discipline, in ambito economico, politico, sociale e ambientale e di tutti i livelli istituzionali. Parallelamente è cresciuta l’esigenza di processi valutativi coerenti e sistematici, basati su di un numero sempre maggiore di strumenti e metodologie di valutazione. Dall’orientamento della Commissione Europea emerge del resto con sempre maggiore evidenza il binomio fra politica di sviluppo locale e valutazione, che coinvolge i diversi livelli di governo. Il presente lavoro realizza un quadro delle politiche di sviluppo locale, partendo dal livello europeo fino ad arrivare al livello locale, ed una successiva analisi di metodologie e strumenti di valutazione consolidati e di frontiera. La considerazione della valutazione come strumento strategico per le politiche di sviluppo locale trova applicazione nella realizzazione di una analisi comparativa di due aree di montagna. Tali aree, identificate nell’Appennino Bolognese e nell’area montana della Contea di Brasov in Romania, pur collocate in paesi a diverso livello di sviluppo, risultano confrontabili, in termini di similitudini e criticità, al fine di trarre considerazioni di policy inerenti il disegno di adeguate politiche di riqualificazione, mettendo in luce l’importanza del processo valutativo e la necessità di contribuire a diffondere una vera e propria cultura della valutazione.

Measure of Global Specialization and Spatial Clustering for the Identification of "Specialized" Agglomeration

The intensity of regional specialization in specific activities, and conversely, the level of industrial concentration in specific locations, has been used as a complementary evidence for the existence and significance of externalities. Additionally, economists have mainly focused the debate on disentangling the sources of specialization and concentration processes according to three vectors: natural advantages, internal, and external scale economies. The arbitrariness of partitions plays a key role in capturing these effects, while the selection of the partition would have to reflect the actual characteristics of the economy. Thus, the identification of spatial boundaries to measure specialization becomes critical, since most likely the model will be adapted to different scales of distance, and be influenced by different types of externalities or economies of agglomeration, which are based on the mechanisms of interaction with particular requirements of spatial proximity. This work is based on the analysis of the spatial aspect of economic specialization supported by the manufacturing industry case. The main objective is to propose, for discrete and continuous space: i) a measure of global specialization; ii) a local disaggregation of the global measure; and iii) a spatial clustering method for the identification of specialized agglomerations.

Donne e precarietà del lavoro nell’industria bolognese dagli anni Cinquanta alla crisi degli anni Settanta

This dissertation uses the concept of “precariousness” to analyze women’s labour conditions in Italian industry over the Fifties and Sixties, when the agricultural basis of the Italian economy was replaced by an industrial one. The present research studies the way in which female work has been employed on different and nearly always inferior terms to male work, whether quantitatively or qualitatively. In most cases wages have been lower, periods of qualification and dequalification more unfavourable, and contract terms generally less secure than for male workers. The combination of these aspects of women work conditions has resulted in what will be called job precariousness. Job precariousness is adopted as a paradigm for an in-depth analysis of women’s working conditions. Women (like immigrants) have always experienced considerably worse working conditions than men throughout the capitalist industrial age. Even in the “Golden Age” of the 20th century (1945-1975), considered by most sociologists and economists “the era of job stability”, women’s working conditions were worse than men’s and can be defined precarious. Women in Bolognese industry are not an exception. The dissertation will show how many women’s jobs in industry were the opposite of stable and therefore can be called precarious in the period of 1950s and 1960s, when the Italian economy experienced the most intense economic and industrial growth of the 20th century. The comparison between female and male work conditions will address several aspects related to job precariousness: duration and continuity of work, salary variability, forms of discrimination and the relation between contract and social rights. In addition, attention will be paid to the forms of contract, gender-specific forms of discrimination and material working conditions of women.

Three Essays in Economics of Gender

During recent decades, economists' interest in gender-related issues has risen. Researchers aim to show how economic theory can be applied to gender related topics such as peer effect, labor market outcomes, and education. This dissertation aims to contribute to our understandings of the interaction, inequality and sources of differences across genders, and it consists of three empirical papers in the research area of gender economics. The aim of the first paper ("Separating gender composition effect from peer effects in education") is to demonstrate the importance of considering endogenous peer effects in order to identify gender composition effect. This fact is analytically illustrated by employing Manski's (1993) linear-in-means model. The paper derives an innovative solution to the simultaneous identification of endogenous and exogenous peer effects: gender composition effect of interest is estimated from auxiliary reduced-form estimates after identifying the endogenous peer effect by using Graham (2008) variance restriction method. The paper applies this methodology to two different data sets from American and Italian schools. The motivation of the second paper ("Gender differences in vulnerability to an economic crisis") is to analyze the different effect of recent economic crisis on the labor market outcome of men and women. Using triple differences method (before-after crisis, harder-milder hit sectors, men-women) the paper used British data at the occupation level and shows that men suffer more than women in terms of probability of losing their job. Several explanations for the findings are proposed. The third paper ("Gender gap in educational outcome") is concerned with a controversial academic debate on the existence, degree and origin of the gender gap in test scores. The existence of a gap both in mean scores and the variability around the mean is documented and analyzed. The origins of the gap are investigated by looking at wide range of possible explanations.