Electric techniques for the assessment of quality parameters of foodstuffs

In food industry, quality assurance requires low cost methods for the rapid assessment of the parameters that affect product stability. Foodstuffs are complex in their structure, mainly composed by gaseous, liquid and solid phases which often coexist in the same product. Special attention is given to water, concerned as natural component of the major food product or as added ingredient of a production process. Particularly water is structurally present in the matrix and not completely available. In this way, water can be present in foodstuff in many different states: as water of crystallization, bound to protein or starch molecules, entrapped in biopolymer networks or adsorbed on solid surfaces of porous food particles. The traditional technique for the assessment of food quality give reliable information but are destructive, time consuming and unsuitable for on line application. The techniques proposed answer to the limited disposition of time and could be able to characterize the main compositional parameters. Dielectric interaction response is mainly related to water and could be useful not only to provide information on the total content but also on the degree of mobility of this ubiquitous molecule in different complex food matrix. In this way the proposal of this thesis is to answer at this need. Dielectric and electric tool can be used for the scope and led us to describe the complex food matrix and predict food characteristic. The thesis is structured in three main part, in the first one some theoretical tools are recalled to well assess the food parameter involved in the quality definition and the techniques able to reply at the problem emerged. The second part explains the research conducted and the experimental plans are illustrated in detail. Finally the last section is left for rapid method easily implementable in an industrial process.

The use of satellite remote sensing for flood risk management

Over the last decades the impact of natural disasters to the global environment is becoming more and more severe. The number of disasters has dramatically increased, as well as the cost to the global economy and the number of people affected. Among the natural disaster, flood catastrophes are considered to be the most costly, devastating, broad extent and frequent, because of the tremendous fatalities, injuries, property damage, economic and social disruption they cause to the humankind. In the last thirty years, the World has suffered from severe flooding and the huge impact of floods has caused hundreds of thousands of deaths, destruction of infrastructures, disruption of economic activity and the loss of property for worth billions of dollars. In this context, satellite remote sensing, along with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), has become a key tool in flood risk management analysis. Remote sensing for supporting various aspects of flood risk management was investigated in the present thesis. In particular, the research focused on the use of satellite images for flood mapping and monitoring, damage assessment and risk assessment. The contribution of satellite remote sensing for the delineation of flood prone zones, the identification of damaged areas and the development of hazard maps was explored referring to selected cases of study.

Hsp90 characterization and inhibition: a multi-methodological study

Many physiological and pathological processes are mediated by the activity of proteins assembled in homo and/or hetero-oligomers. The correct recognition and association of these proteins into a functional complex is a key step determining the fate of the whole pathway. This has led to an increasing interest in selecting molecules able to modulate/inhibit these protein-protein interactions. In particular, our research was focused on Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90), responsible for the activation and maturation and disposition of many client proteins [1], [2] [3]. Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis (ACE) were used to characterize the Hsp90 target and, furthermore, its inhibition process via C-terminal domain driven by the small molecule Coumermycin A1. Circular Dichroism was used as powerful technique to characterize Hsp90 and its co-chaperone Hop in solution for secondary structure content, stability to different pHs, temperatures and solvents. Furthermore, CD was used to characterize ATP but, unfortunately, we were not able to monitor an interaction between ATP and Hsp90. The utility of SPR technology, on the other hand, arises from the possibility of immobilizing the protein on a chip through its N-terminal domain to later study the interaction with small molecules able to disrupt the Hsp90 dimerization on the C-terminal domain. The protein was attached on SPR chip using the “amine coupling” chemistry so that the C-terminal domain was free to interact with Coumermycin A1. The goal of the experiment was achieved by testing a range of concentrations of the small molecule Coumermycin A1. Despite to the large difference in the molecular weight of the protein (90KDa) and the drug (1110.08 Da), we were able to calculate the affinity constant of the interaction that was found to be 11.2 µm. In order to confirm the binding constant calculated for the Hsp90 on the chip, we decided to use Capillary Electrophoresis to test the Coumermycin binding to Hsp90. First, this technique was conveniently used to characterize the Hsp90 sample in terms of composition and purity. The experimental conditions were settled on two different systems, the bared fused silica and the PVA-coated capillary. We were able to characterize the Hsp90 sample in both systems. Furthermore, we employed an application of capillary electrophoresis, the Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis (ACE), to measure and confirm the binding constant calculated for Coumermycin on Optical Biosensor. We found a KD = 19.45 µM. This result compares favorably with the KD previously obtained on biosensor. This is a promising result for the use of our novel approach to screen new potential inhibitors of Hsp90 C-terminal domain.

On land management: landowners' attitudes to land and farming in Valdera, Tuscany

This thesis aims at explaining the intersecting dynamics of structural changes in agriculture and urbanisation, which involves changes in urban-rural relationships. The research questions are: how and why do landowners differ in their attitudes to land and farming? what are the main implications on rural landscapes and the policy implications? Relationships between urbanisation and agriculture are firstly analysed through a critical literature review; the analysis focuses on the 'landowner' as the key actor who actively takes decisions on the rural landscape From the empirical study – which is based on a Tuscan area (Valdera), and addressed through qualitative methods – a great diversity of landowners' attitudes to land and farming emerge, thus contributing to the agricultural restructuring, such as: 1) the emphasis on recreational function of the countryside for urban people 2) contracting out of land management, especially when landowners live or/and have 'urban' employment 3) the active role of hobby farmers in land management 4) agricultural operations simplification and lack of investments (especially in case of property rights expropriation). The thesis is framed in three papers, with the same methods and research questions. It seems evident that rural landscapes is subjected to functional changes (e.g. residential) and structural changes (landscape polarisation), which requires the need 1) to consider that rural landscape management is increasingly less connected to agricultural production as economic activity; 2) to give a coherence to the range of policy interventions (physical planning, landscape, sectoral).

La costruzione della città medievale. Archeologia dell'edilizia storica e topografia urbana a Pistoia.

Pistoia rientra a buon diritto, nel quadro della Toscana medievale, in quella rete di centri urbani di antica origine e tradizione diocesana che riuscirono a costruire, nella dialettica fra città e territorio, un organismo politico autonomo, il comune cittadino. La ricerca prende in considerazione i resti materiali delle strutture conservate nel tessuto urbano attuale, in particolare l'edilizia civile, prediligendo la cosiddetta “edilizia minore”, ovvero gli edifici residenziali non monumentali che, proprio per questo motivo, sono generalmente poco conosciuti. Le strutture, censite ed inserite in una piattaforma GIS (Arpenteur), sono analizzate con metodo archeologico al fine di distinguere le diverse fasi costruttive, medievali e post-medievali, con cui sono giunte fino ad oggi. L'analisi stratigrafica, effettuata su rilievi realizzati mediante modellazione 3D (Photomodeler), ha permesso di costruire un primo “atlante” delle tipologie murarie medievali della città: i tipi murari assumono quindi la funzione di indicatori cronologici degli edifici analizzati. I dati stratigrafici, uniti al dato topologico dei complessi architettonici (localizzati prevalentemente nel centro storico, all'interno del circuito murario della metà del XII secolo), hanno fornito informazioni sia per quanto riguarda l'aspetto materiale degli edifici di abitazione (forma, dimensioni, materiali) sia per quanto riguarda temi di topografia storica (viabilità maggiore e minore, formazione dei borghi, orizzonte sociale degli abitanti, distribuzione della proprietà), nel periodo della “parabola” della Pistoia comunale (XII-XIII secolo). In conclusione, la ricerca vuole essere sia uno strumento di analisi per la storia delle trasformazioni delle città nel periodo comunale, sia uno strumento di conoscenza e tutela di un patrimonio storico-archeologico che, per la sua natura non-monumentale spesso sfugge all'attenzione di amministratori ed urbanisti.

Si sanctitas inter eos sit digna foedere coniugali. Gli apporti patrimoniali alla moglie superstite in età tardoantica e giustinianea

Queste ricerche si propongono di indagare gli apporti patrimoniali alla morte del marito in favore della moglie superstite, concentrandosi sulla normazione di età tardoantica e giustinianea. Vengono presi in considerazione i principali istituti giuridici che realizzavano, al momento della scomparsa dell’uomo, una cessione patrimoniale a favore della sua vedova: la successione intestata e testata della moglie superstite, la restituzione della dote e il suo lucro sulla donazione nuziale, nonché la c.d. quarta della vedova povera. Di essi si indagano i profili dei relativi regimi giuridici interessanti per il tema di indagine, soffermandosi sulla portata e le ragioni delle riforme che li hanno riguardati, le loro specifiche funzioni nel sistema di sostentamento patrimoniale della coniuge superstite, la loro interazione e integrazione reciproca, il loro ricorso nella prassi. Si giunge alla conclusione che il sistema di tutela della coniuge superstite ebbe poco a che vedere con la successione intestata. Profondamente differente il discorso per quanto attiene alla successione testata e la dote. Più circoscritti di quanto comunemente si pensi, invece, sono i termini in cui è possibile parlare di una funzione di appannaggio vedovile della donazione nuziale. Ecco dunque che, se le garanzie patrimoniali della moglie superstite si sostanziano nel testamento del marito, nella dote, nella donazione nuziale e – nel diritto ultimo e nei soli casi di estremo bisogno – nella quarta uxoria, è chiaro come la questione sia stata demandata, in gran parte, all’autoregolamentazione dei privati. Il legislatore ha saputo predisporre gli strumenti giuridici necessari, assestare gli squilibri dovuti a mutamenti economici e sociali, intervenire laddove ce ne fosse stato bisogno, ma senza invadere un campo così privato e intimo come quello delle relazioni patrimoniali tra coniugi. D’altro canto, il suo intervento non è richiesto «si sanctitas inter eos sit digna foedere coniugali».