Studio di ausili tecnologici compensativi di supporto all'iter di apprendimento matematico secondario e universitario degli studenti con dislessia

Data coming out from various researches carried out over the last years in Italy on the problem of school dispersion in secondary school show that difficulty in studying mathematics is one of the most frequent reasons of discomfort reported by students. Nevertheless, it is definitely unrealistic to think we can do without such knowledge in today society: mathematics is largely taught in secondary school and it is not confined within technical-scientific courses only. It is reasonable to say that, although students may choose academic courses that are, apparently, far away from mathematics, all students will have to come to terms, sooner or later in their life, with this subject. Among the reasons of discomfort given by the study of mathematics, some mention the very nature of this subject and in particular the complex symbolic language through which it is expressed. In fact, mathematics is a multimodal system composed by oral and written verbal texts, symbol expressions, such as formulae and equations, figures and graphs. For this, the study of mathematics represents a real challenge to those who suffer from dyslexia: this is a constitutional condition limiting people performances in relation to the activities of reading and writing and, in particular, to the study of mathematical contents. Here the difficulties in working with verbal and symbolic codes entail, in turn, difficulties in the comprehension of texts from which to deduce operations that, once combined together, would lead to the problem final solution. Information technologies may support this learning disorder effectively. However, these tools have some implementation limits, restricting their use in the study of scientific subjects. Vocal synthesis word processors are currently used to compensate difficulties in reading within the area of classical studies, but they are not used within the area of mathematics. This is because the vocal synthesis (or we should say the screen reader supporting it) is not able to interpret all that is not textual, such as symbols, images and graphs. The DISMATH software, which is the subject of this project, would allow dyslexic users to read technical-scientific documents with the help of a vocal synthesis, to understand the spatial structure of formulae and matrixes, to write documents with a technical-scientific content in a format that is compatible with main scientific editors. The system uses LaTex, a text mathematic language, as mediation system. It is set up as LaTex editor, whose graphic interface, in line with main commercial products, offers some additional specific functions with the capability to support the needs of users who are not able to manage verbal and symbolic codes on their own. LaTex is translated in real time into a standard symbolic language and it is read by vocal synthesis in natural language, in order to increase, through the bimodal representation, the ability to process information. The understanding of the mathematic formula through its reading is made possible by the deconstruction of the formula itself and its “tree” representation, so allowing to identify the logical elements composing it. Users, even without knowing LaTex language, are able to write whatever scientific document they need: in fact the symbolic elements are recalled by proper menus and automatically translated by the software managing the correct syntax. The final aim of the project, therefore, is to implement an editor enabling dyslexic people (but not only them) to manage mathematic formulae effectively, through the integration of different software tools, so allowing a better teacher/learner interaction too.

Analog Signal Acquisition and Conditioning for Near-Field Capacitive Communication and Active Combined EEG-EIT Monitoring

The work of the present thesis is focused on the implementation of microelectronic voltage sensing devices, with the purpose of transmitting and extracting analog information between devices of different nature at short distances or upon contact. Initally, chip-to-chip communication has been studied, and circuitry for 3D capacitive coupling has been implemented. Such circuits allow the communication between dies fabricated in different technologies. Due to their novelty, they are not standardized and currently not supported by standard CAD tools. In order to overcome such burden, a novel approach for the characterization of such communicating links has been proposed. This results in shorter design times and increased accuracy. Communication between an integrated circuit (IC) and a probe card has been extensively studied as well. Today wafer probing is a costly test procedure with many drawbacks, which could be overcome by a different communication approach such as capacitive coupling. For this reason wireless wafer probing has been investigated as an alternative approach to standard on-contact wafer probing. Interfaces between integrated circuits and biological systems have also been investigated. Active electrodes for simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) have been implemented for the first time in a 0.35 um process. Number of wires has been minimized by sharing the analog outputs and supply on a single wire, thus implementing electrodes that require only 4 wires for their operation. Minimization of wires reduces the cable weight and thus limits the patient's discomfort. The physical channel for communication between an IC and a biological medium is represented by the electrode itself. As this is a very crucial point for biopotential acquisitions, large efforts have been carried in order to investigate the different electrode technologies and geometries and an electromagnetic model is presented in order to characterize the properties of the electrode to skin interface.

La città divisa. Conflittualità, confini, prove di comunità

Il presente lavoro approfondisce le tematiche della conflittualità e della separazione etnica, sociale, religiosa, generazionale e culturale. In particolare, riporta i risultati di ricerche condotte in alcuni degli attuali contesti urbani più carichi di tensioni conflittuali, cercando di individuare i motivi vicini e remoti del confligere, le attività messe in atto per contenere le tensioni e le relative necessità educative poste in primo piano. L’elaborato si compone di cinque parti. La prima parte consiste in una riflessione teorica sulle dinamiche che caratterizzano le interazioni sociali nello spazio cittadino. Nella seconda parte viene trattato il tema del settarismo in Scozia, che vede contrapposti i cattolici di origine irlandese (generalmente tifosi della squadra di calcio dei Celtic) e i protestanti di sangue scozzese (generalmente tifosi dei Rangers). La terza parte ricostruisce la storia e il presente della lunga convivenza tra tatari musulmani e russi cristiano-ortodossi nei territori dell’attuale Repubblica etnica del Tatarstan, situata nel cuore della Russia europea, ponendo particolare attenzione agli aspetti religiosi, linguistici, culturali ed educativi. La quarta parte parla del disagio nelle periferie europee, manifestatosi in modo eclatante con le rivolte giovanili in Francia (2005) e nel Regno Unito (2011). La parte conclusiva, infine riprenderà alcuni degli elementi emersi per proporre una riflessione di tipo pedagogico atta ad affrontare in tutta la sua complessità, e con approcci nuovi, il tema della città divisa, con le relative conflittualità, i confini e le prove di comunità.

Chitosan based hydrogels for transmucosal drug delivery

The aim of this thesis was the formulation of new chitosan based delivery systems for transmucosal drug administration. Transmucosal routes, such as buccal, vaginal and nasal routes, allow the circumvention of the hepatic first pass metabolism and avoid the gastrointestinal chemical and enzymatic degradations. Moreover, transmucosal drug administration can allow to avoid pain or discomfort caused by injections, when drugs are administered through parenteral routes, thus increasing patient compliance. On the other side, the major disadvantage of transmucosal drug administration is represented by the presence of biological fluids and mucus that can remove drug systems from the application site, thus reducing the contact time between drug and mucosa and consequently, decreasing drug bioavailability. For this reason, in this study, the investigation of chitosan delivery systems as mucoadhesive formulations able to increase drugs residence time and to improve their bioavailability, was taken into account. In the paper 1, buccal films based on chitosan-gelatin complexes were prepared and loaded with propranolol hydrochloride. The complexes were characterized and studied in order to evaluate their physical- chemical properties and their ability to release the drug and to allow its permeation through buccal mucosa. In the paper 2, vaginal inserts based on chitosan/alginate complexes were formulated for local delivery of chlorhexidine digluconate. Tests to evaluate the interaction between the polymers and to study drug release properties were performed, as well as the determination of antimicrobial activity against the patogens responsible of vaginitis and candidosis. In the project 3, chitosan based nanoparticles containing cyclodextrin and other excipients, with the capacity to modify insulin bioavailabity were formulated for insulin nasal delivery. Nanoparticles were characterized in terms of size, stability and drug release. Moreover, in vivo tests were performed in order to study the hypoglycemic reduction in rats blood samples.

Representaciones Sociales de la Medicina Popular en el paciente oncológico adulto, la familia del paciente y los miembros del equipo de salud

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo general develar las representaciones sociales sobre la Medicina Popular en tres grupos poblacionales, pacientes oncológicos (n=100), familiares de los pacientes (n=25) y miembros del equipo de salud (n=26). Para ello, se realizaron tres estudios cualitativos con cada grupo poblacional y un cuarto en el que se describen las similitudes y las diferencias entre ellos en relación con el objeto de representación. En general, se utilizaron entrevistas en profundidad, ejercicios de asociaciones libres y grupos focales (7 con 62 pacientes). Resultados: paciente oncológico: Medicina Popular representada como una salida optimista a la angustiante situación que está viviendo frente al cáncer; una apuesta a la vida. Para la familia: una contra capaz de mantener con vida y fortaleza al paciente y para el equipo de salud, una realidad incombatible de los pacientes y de la familia, que tiene efecto placebo sobre ellos y que está relacionada con el pensamiento mágico religioso, la fé y la ignorancia de quienes la realizan. En cuanto a las diferencias, el paciente y la familia consideran que la Medicina Popular es una alternativa en la que depositan su fé y confianza; el personal de salud no cree en sus efectos sobre el cáncer y la considera como estafa y engaño para el paciente. En las similitudes, todos coinciden en que es una alternativa, generadora de esperanza, basada en compuestos naturales que le permiten al paciente contribuir a la curación del cáncer y a sobrellevar el malestar provocado por la quimioterapia. Finalmente, se presentan conclusiones generales, se discuten algunos de los hallazgos y la importancia de las RS de la Medicina Popular y su impacto sobre la atención y la calidad de vida del paciente y se plantean algunos interrogantes que podrían favorecer el desarrollo de una línea de investigación en el tema.

New Application of Piezoelectric Ultrasounds in Maxillo-facial bone surgery

Background: Piezoelectric instrumentation seems to offer 3 important advantages for cutting bone structures. Be more precise because it is produced by micro-vibrations from the cutting insert. Be safer because the ultrasonic frequency used does not affect soft tissue. Thirdly, the less invasive cutting action produces minor tissue damage and consequently probably a better healing Aim of the Study: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of piezoelectric device capability in maxillo-facial surgery, in order to take advantage of these favourable capacity. Material and Methods: Considering the several potential application of the piezoelectric technology in Orthognathic, Oncologic and Extractive surgery, we would like to design protocols in order to verify how this new device can modify the surgical technique, the surgical time, the patients healing and its quality of life. Results: Due to the precise Piezosurgery cut, we can manage the Cad-Cam-Custom Made plates protocol in Oncologic Surgery and in Orthognatic Surgery increasing our percentage of comparison between the 3D preoperative plan and the surgical execution. We also found a better quality of life impaction in Patient who underwent and extractive surgery Conclusion: Piezosurgery device seems to be a strong surgical aid were safe and precise cut are needed and its capability to reduce the discomfort Patients need to be study in deep also in major surgery like Orthognatic and Oncologic surgery.