Studio dei semiochimici coinvolti nelle interazioni intra- e inter-specifiche in Gonocerus acuteangulatus (Goeze) (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in vista di un loro impiego nella difesa del nocciolo.

Gonocerus acuteangulatus (Hemiptera: Coreidae) è considerato uno dei principali fitofagi del nocciolo, in grado di causare con l’attività trofica pesanti perdite quali-quantitative di produzione. Nel triennio sono state quindi condotte indagini sulla bioetologia di G. acuteangulatus volte a: I) studiare comportamento alimentare ed effetti sulla produzione corilicola, II) identificare i feromoni e valutarne l’attività mediante biosaggi fisiologici e comportamentali in laboratorio, semi-campo e campo, III) rilevare le piante ospiti alternative al nocciolo. Mediante isolamento di adulti del coreide su rami di nocciolo con frutti è stata confermata l’assenza di correlazione fra entità del danno e numerosità degli individui presenti in corileto. Dalle analisi sensoriali su nocciole sane e danneggiate è emerso che le alterazioni causate delle punture di nutrizione sono rese più evidenti da conservazione e tostatura. Variazioni di tempi e temperature di tostatura potrebbero mitigare gli effetti del cimiciato. Nello studio dei feromoni, G. acuteangulatus, molto mobile nell’ambiente, è risultato poco adatto ai biosaggi in condizioni artificiali, come quelle in olfattometro e semi-campo. Le femmine sono tuttavia apparse attrattive per adulti di entrambi i sessi, mentre la miscela feromonale sintetizzata ha mostrato un’azione attrattiva, seppure non costante. Pertanto, ulteriori ripetizioni sono necessarie per convalidare questi risultati preliminari, modificando le condizioni di saggio in relazione alle caratteristiche della specie. Infine è stata accertata la preferenza del fitofago per alcune specie vegetali rispetto al nocciolo. Nel corso del triennio, popolazioni molto consistenti di G. acuteangulatus sono state rilevate su bosso, ciliegio di Santa Lucia, rosa selvatica, sanguinello, spino cervino, in corrispondenza del periodo di comparsa e maturazione dei frutti. Nell’impostazione di una strategia di difesa a basso impatto ambientale, l’attrattività di queste piante, in sinergia con eventuali feromoni di aggregazione, potrebbe essere utilmente sfruttata, per mantenere il coreide lontano dalla coltura.

Comparative Analysis of Genus Bifidobacterium: Insight into its Host Adaptation

Bifidobacteria is amongst one of the health promoting bacteria. The role of this important probiotic genera can be elucidated by understanding its genome. Comparative analysis of the whole genus of these bacteria can reveal their adaptation to a diverse host range. This study comprises of four research projects. In the first study, a reference library for genus Bifidobacterium was prepared. The core genes in each genus were selected based on a newly proposed statistical definition of core genome. Comparative analysis of Bifidobacterium with another probiotic genus Lactobacillus revealed the metabolic characteristics of genus Bifidobacterium. The second study investigated the immunomodulatory role of a B. bifidum strain TMC3115. The analysis of TMC3115 provided insights into its extracellular structures which might have their role in host interaction and immunomodulation. The study highlighted the variability among these genomes just not on species level but also on strain level in terms of host interaction. The last two studies aim to inspect the relationship between bifidobacteria and its host diet. Bifidobacteria, are both host- and niche-specific. Such adaptation of bifidobacterial species is considered relevant to the intestinal microecosystem and hosts’ oligosaccharides. Many species should have co-evolved with their hosts, but the phylogeny of Bifidobacterium is dissimilar to that of host animals. The discrepancy could be linked to the niche-specific evolution due to hosts’ dietary carbohydrates. The distribution of carbohydrate-active enzymes, in particular glycoside hydrolases (GHs) that metabolize unique oligosaccharides was examined. When bifidobacterial species were classified by their distribution of GH genes, five groups arose according to their hosts’ feeding behaviour. The distribution of GH genes was only weakly associated with the phylogeny of the host animals or with genomic features such as genome size. Thus, the hosts’ dietary pattern is the key determinant of the distribution and evolution of GH genes.

Collective actions for environmental monitoring and conservation: citizen science, informal environmental education, and participatory approach

This PhD was driven by an interest for inclusive and participatory approaches. The methodology that bridges science and society is known as 'citizen science' and is experiencing a huge upsurge worldwide, in the scientific and humanities fields. In this thesis, I have focused on three topics: i) assessing the reliability of data collected by volunteers; ii) evaluating the impact of environmental education activities in tourist facilities; and iii) monitoring marine biodiversity through citizen science. In addition to these topics, during my research stay abroad, I developed a questionnaire to investigate people's perceptions of natural areas to promote the implementation of co-management. The results showed that volunteers are not only able to collect sufficiently reliable data, but that during their participation in this type of project, they can also increase their knowledge of marine biology and ecology and their awareness of the impact of human behaviour on the environment. The short-term analysis has shown that volunteers are able to retain what they have learned. In the long term, knowledge is usually forgotten, but awareness is retained. Increased awareness could lead to a change in behaviour and in this case a more environmentally friendly attitude. This aspect could be of interest for the development of environmental education projects in tourism facilities to reduce the impact of tourism on the environment while adding a valuable service to the tourism offer. We also found that nature experiences in childhood are important to connect to nature in adulthood. The results also suggest that membership or volunteering in an environmental education association could be a predictor of people's interest in more participatory approaches to nature management. In most cases, the COVID -19 pandemic had not changed participants' perceptions of the natural environment.