Molecular analysis of special type breast carcinomas

The project was developed into three parts: the analysis of p63 isoform in breast tumours; the study of intra-tumour eterogeneicity in metaplastic breast carcinoma; the analysis of oncocytic breast carcinoma. p63 is a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor, homologue of the tumour suppressor and transcription factor p53. The human p63 gene is composed of 15 exons and transcription can occur from two distinct promoters: the transactivating isoforms (TAp63) are generated by a promoter upstream of exon 1, while the alternative promoter located in intron 3 leads to the expression of N-terminal truncated isoforms (ΔNp63). It has been demonstrated that anti-p63 antibodies decorate the majority of squamous cell carcinomas of different organs; moreover tumours with myoepithelial differentiation of the breast show nuclear p63 expression. Two new isoforms have been described with the same sequence as TAp63 and ΔNp63 but lacking exon 4: d4TAp63 and ΔNp73L, respectively. Purpose of the study was to investigate the molecular expression of N-terminal p63 isoforms in benign and malignant breast tissues. In the present study 40 specimens from normal breast, benign lesions, DIN/DCIS, and invasive carcinomas were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase-PCR) in order to disclose the patterns of p63 expression. We have observed that the full-length isoforms can be detected in non neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, while the short isoforms are only present in the neoplastic cells of invasive carcinomas. Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms which exhibit varied patterns of metaplasia and differentiation. The existence of such non-modal populations harbouring distinct genetic aberrations may explain the phenotypic diversity observed within a given tumour. Intra-tumour morphological heterogeneity is not uncommon in breast cancer and it can often be appreciated in metaplastic breast carcinomas. Aim of this study was to determine the existence of intra-tumour genetic heterogeneity in metaplastic breast cancers and whether areas with distinct morphological features in a given tumour might be underpinned by distinct patterns of genetic aberrations. 47 cases of metaplastic breast carcinomas were retrieved. Out of the 47 cases, 9 had areas that were of sufficient dimensions to be independently microdissected. Our results indicate that at least some breast cancers are composed of multiple non-modal populations of clonally related cells and provide direct evidence that at least some types of metaplastic breast cancers are composed of multiple non-modal clones harbouring distinct genetic aberrations. Oncocytic tumours represent a distinctive set of lesions with typical granular cytoplasmatic eosinophilia of the neoplastic cells. Only rare example of breast oncocytic carcinomas have been reported in literature and the incidence is probably underestimated. In this study we have analysed 33 cases of oncocytic invasive breast carcinoma of the breast, selected according to morphological and immunohistochemical criteria. These tumours were morphologically classified and studied by immunohistochemistry and aCGH. We have concluded that oncocytic breast carcinoma is a morphologic entity with distinctive ultrastructural and histological features; immunohistochemically is characterized by a luminal profile, it has a frequency of 19.8%, has not distinctive clinical features and, at molecular level, shows a specific constellation of genetic aberration.

Tumori misti epatocolangiocellulari su cirrosi: Aspetti diagnostici e caratteristiche clinico-demografiche

Nel tumore combinato epatocolangiocellulare (CHC) le componenti epatocitarie e colangiocitarie sono entrambe presenti. Obiettivo: valutare gli aspetti diagnostici radiologici e caratteristiche clinico-demografiche del CHC su cirrosi. Raccolti pazienti con CHC su cirrosi afferenti a due centri del Nord Italia (Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi e Milano,IRCCS Ca’ Granda Maggiore Hospital) tra 2003-2013, con diagnosi istologica di CHC. FASE 1:confronto tra ecografia con mdc (CEUS), TC cmdc e RM cmdc nella diagnosi e caratterizzazione dei noduli di CHC. Casistica di 35 pazienti e 37 noduli (due recidive CHC incluse). Mediana delle dimensioni: 25 mm. Non si è identificato un pattern contrastografico patognomonico per CHC. Pattern di enhancement arterioso ad anello periferico, suggestivo per forma colangiocitaria, atipico per HCC, presente nel 26%,50%,29% dei noduli a CEUS,TC,RM. La CEUS avrebbe portato a una errata diagnosi di HCC tipico in un numero maggiore di casi (48%) vs TC(15%,p=0.005), e RM(18%,p=0.080).L’indicazione della malignità del nodulo (presenza di wash-out dopo enhancement arterioso), era fornita con maggiore accuratezza da parte della CEUS(78%), vs TC (24%,p<0.0001) e RM(29%,p=0.002). FASE 2:analisi degli aspetti clinico-laboratoristici e prognostici del CHC e confronto tramite match 1:2 con HCC su cirrosi (36 CHC,72 HCC). Nel CHC correlano positivamente con sopravvivenza le terapie “curative” (trapianto, resezione chirurgica, terapie ablative percutanee a radiofrequenza/ alcolizzazione), stadio precoce alla diagnosi, dimensioni e essere in sorveglianza per diagnosi precoce di HCC. Correlano indipendentemente con sopravvivenza stadio precoce di malattia (unifocale, ≤ 2 cm) e essere in programma di sorveglianza(multivariata). Sopravvivenze del CHC sovrapponibili al gruppo HCC a 1 anno, e lievemente inferiori a 3/5 anni (81%, 39%, 21% vs 83%, 59% e 40%,p=0.78,p=0.080 e p=0.14). Sopravvivenza mediana per CHC (2.36 anni) inferiore vs HCC (4.09 anni) pur senza significatività statistica.

High sensitivity analysis of BRAF mutations in neoplastic and non-neoplastic thyroid lesions

The clonal distribution of BRAFV600E in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has been recently debated. No information is currently available about precursor lesions of PTCs. My first aim was to establish whether the BRAFV600E mutation occurs as a subclonal event in PTCs. My second aim was to screen BRAF mutations in histologically benign tissue of cases with BRAFV600E or BRAFwt PTCs in order to identify putative precursor lesions of PTCs. Highly sensitive semi-quantitative methods were used: Allele Specific LNA quantitative PCR (ASLNAqPCR) and 454 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). For the first aim 155 consecutive formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens of PTCs were analyzed. The percentage of mutated cells obtained was normalized to the estimated number of neoplastic cells. Three groups of tumors were identified: a first had a percentage of BRAF mutated neoplastic cells > 80%; a second group showed a number of BRAF mutated neoplastic cells < 30%; a third group had a distribution of BRAFV600E between 30-80%. The large presence of BRAFV600E mutated neoplastic cell sub-populations suggests that BRAFV600E may be acquired early during tumorigenesis: therefore, BRAFV600E can be heterogeneously distributed in PTC. For the second aim, two groups were studied: one consisted of 20 cases with BRAFV600E mutated PTC, the other of 9 BRAFwt PTCs. Seventy-five and 23 histologically benign FFPE thyroid specimens were analyzed from the BRAFV600E mutated and BRAFwt PTC groups, respectively. The screening of BRAF mutations identified BRAFV600E in “atypical” cell foci from both groups of patients. “Unusual” BRAF substitutions were observed in histologically benign thyroid associated with BRAFV600E PTCs. These mutations were very uncommon in the group with BRAFwt PTCs and in BRAFV600E PTCs. Therefore, lesions carrying BRAF mutations may represent “abortive” attempts at cancer development: only BRAFV600E boosts neoplastic transformation to PTC. BRAFV600E mutated “atypical foci” may represent precursor lesions of BRAFV600E mutated PTCs.