Knowledge Flows and Networks: the Interplay between Local and Global Linkages within Bangalore IT Cluster

This doctoral work gains deeper insight into the dynamics of knowledge flows within and across clusters, unfolding their features, directions and strategic implications. Alliances, networks and personnel mobility are acknowledged as the three main channels of inter-firm knowledge flows, thus offering three heterogeneous measures to analyze the phenomenon. The interplay between the three channels and the richness of available research methods, has allowed for the elaboration of three different papers and perspectives. The common empirical setting is the IT cluster in Bangalore, for its distinguished features as a high-tech cluster and for its steady yearly two-digit growth around the service-based business model. The first paper deploys both a firm-level and a tie-level analysis, exploring the cases of 4 domestic companies and of 2 MNCs active the cluster, according to a cluster-based perspective. The distinction between business-domain knowledge and technical knowledge emerges from the qualitative evidence, further confirmed by quantitative analyses at tie-level. At firm-level, the specialization degree seems to be influencing the kind of knowledge shared, while at tie-level both the frequency of interaction and the governance mode prove to determine differences in the distribution of knowledge flows. The second paper zooms out and considers the inter-firm networks; particularly focusing on the role of cluster boundary, internal and external networks are analyzed, in their size, long-term orientation and exploration degree. The research method is purely qualitative and allows for the observation of the evolving strategic role of internal network: from exploitation-based to exploration-based. Moreover, a causal pattern is emphasized, linking the evolution and features of the external network to the evolution and features of internal network. The final paper addresses the softer and more micro-level side of knowledge flows: personnel mobility. A social capital perspective is here developed, which considers both employees’ acquisition and employees’ loss as building inter-firm ties, thus enhancing company’s overall social capital. Negative binomial regression analyses at dyad-level test the significant impact of cluster affiliation (cluster firms vs non-cluster firms), industry affiliation (IT firms vs non-IT fims) and foreign affiliation (MNCs vs domestic firms) in shaping the uneven distribution of personnel mobility, and thus of knowledge flows, among companies.

Atmospheric radiative transfer in multiple scattering conditions. Application to NWP models.

High spectral resolution radiative transfer (RT) codes are essential tools in the study of the radiative energy transfer in the Earth atmosphere and a support for the development of parameterizations for fast RT codes used in climate and weather prediction models. Cirrus clouds cover permanently 30% of the Earth's surface, representing an important contribution to the Earth-atmosphere radiation balance. The work has been focussed on the development of the RT model LBLMS. The model, widely tested in the infra-red spectral range, has been extended to the short wave spectrum and it has been used in comparison with airborne and satellite measurements to study the optical properties of cirrus clouds. A new database of single scattering properties has been developed for mid latitude cirrus clouds. Ice clouds are treated as a mixture of ice crystals with various habits. The optical properties of the mixture are tested in comparison to radiometric measurements in selected case studies. Finally, a parameterization of the mixture for application to weather prediction and global circulation models has been developed. The bulk optical properties of ice crystals are parameterized as functions of the effective dimension of measured particle size distributions that are representative of mid latitude cirrus clouds. Tests with the Limited Area Weather Prediction model COSMO have shown the impact of the new parameterization with respect to cirrus cloud optical properties based on ice spheres.

Venezia e il riscatto degli schiavi in Età Moderna, secc. XVI-XVIII

Lo scopo del lavoro è di seguire, attraverso la disamina di fonti edite e inedite, le particolarità che, in età moderna, caratterizzarono la “via veneziana” al riscatto dei sudditi veneti che fossero detenuti a vario titolo dai “turchi”, e soprattutto dagli stati «barbareschi» della costa settentrionale africana. In particolare, lo studio si propone di concentrarsi sull'azione dei Provveditori sopra ospedali e luoghi pii. Tale magistratura, formata da tre patrizi ed esistente fin dal 1561 per tutelare gli ospedali maggiori veneziani e le molte altre istituzioni di ricovero esistenti in città, e nel contempo vigilare sulla loro corretta gestione amministrativa ed economica, dal 1588 e fino alla caduta della Repubblica nel 1797 fu incaricata anche del riscatto, aggiungendo quindi alla propria precedente denominazione la formula e al riscatto degli schiavi. A un organo dello Stato veniva dunque assegnata una funzione di controllo e superiore organizzazione, volta ad evitare il disperdersi delle sollecitate donazioni private ed un’eventuale scorretta gestione delle stesse. Il lavoro si focalizza poi sulle modalità con cui avveniva materialmente il riscatto dei sudditi veneti, o “esteri” ma al servizio veneto, che versassero in una condizione di bisogno, seguendo l'azione degli intermediari (spesso mercanti, cristiani o ebrei, o consoli di varie nazioni) che vivevano o si recavano nel territorio delle Reggenze nordafricane e contrattavano il prezzo necessario. Infine la ricerca, concentrandosi sul XVIII secolo, mira a valutare il quadro dei rapporti tra il governo veneziano, la Scuola veneziana della Trinità, dedita al riscatto, e i padri Trinitari, stabilitisi nel 1723 negli Stati veneti. Solo abbastanza tardi, infatti, e per un limitato arco di anni (fino al 1735), anche Venezia, sulla scorta di quanto da tempo praticato da altre potenze europee, decise – per ragioni principalmente di risparmio – di affidarsi per la gestione delle operazioni di riscatto ai religiosi.