Studio degli effetti funzionali e tossici di derivati di Brassicaceae in modelli sperimentali

I vegetali appartenenti alla famiglia delle Brassicaceae, sono ricchi di molecole biologicamente attive note per le numerose proprietà salutari. L’effetto di un estratto di germogli di cavolo nero toscano (TBCSE) è stato investigato, in termini chemiopreventivi, sugli enzimi epatici del metabolismo degli xenobiotici e antiossidanti, in ratti trattati con TBCSE. I risultati hanno mostrato un complesso pattern di modulazione, con una prevalente inibizione, del sistema citocromo P450-dipendente, e induzioni significative degli enzimi di fase II (glutatione transferasi e glucuronosiltransferasi) e antiossidanti (catalasi, NAD(P)H:chinone reduttasi, glutatione reduttasi e perossidasi). Successivamente, l’effetto di TBCSE è stato studiato nei confronti delle alterazioni provocate da un’alimentazione iperlipidica nel ratto. Il trattamento si è dimostrato efficace nel contrastare gli effetti deleteri dei grassi presenti nella dieta, come l’iperlipidemia, l’aumento del peso corporeo e del fegato, l’indebolimento delle attività degli enzimi antiossidanti e del potenziale detossificante a livello epatico. Complessivamente, TBCSE emerge essere un promettente prodotto nutraceutico con potenziali effetti chemiopreventivi, e da impiegare come strategia alimentare per contrastare gli effetti correlati ad una dieta iperlipidica. Il consumo di dosi sovralimentari di molecole isolate dalle Brassicaceae, tramite per esempio integratori dietetici, come strategia alimentare preventiva, potrebbe tuttavia rappresentare un rischio per la salute. La potenziale tossicità del sulforafane, glucorafanina, indolo-3-carbinolo, e 3,3'-diindolimetano, è stata valutata in epatociti primari di ratto. La citotossicità e l’induzione di stress ossidativo, osservate a concentrazioni non lontane da quelle che potrebbero essere raggiunte in vivo, insieme ad una forte modulazione dell’espressione genica, riguardante principalmente il metabolismo degli xenobiotici, risposte ad alterazioni dello stato ossidoredutivo, eventi di riparazione del DNA e di proteine, induzione dell’apoptosi, e meccanismi (co)cancerogeni, sottolineano la potenzialità di queste molecole di determinare un rischio tossicologico, in seguito ad un’assunzione prolungata e ad alte dosi.

Dietary strategies to minimize the detrimental impact of weaning on gut morphology, physiology and microbiota of piglets

Weaning is a crucial period in the management of piglets. In modern piggeries economic interest make weaning age decrease more and more and the detrimental consequences of weaning have as much importance as earlier the weaning occurs. The risk of development of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets is high and PWD is the cause of serious economic losses in pig herds. In the past the supplementation of the feed given after weaning with growth promoters antibiotics, in order to keep PWD under control, used to be a common practice, but their usage has been banned in EU since 2006. This measure led to the investigation of alternative suitable feed supplements that would be reasonably efficient in protecting and sustaining animal health and performance. Aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of some different alternatives to growth-promoters antibiotics on weaning piglets and to assess if some of them could be considered as valuables options to replace auxinic in animal feeding. The study is composed by four experimental trials. The first one aims to identify mechanisms involved in the auxinic effects of antibiotics in the diets; the following three evaluate the addition butyric acid, tryptophan, and nitrate as alternative to in-feed antimicrobials. Although some results are controversial, it appears from the data presented that the alternatives to in-feed antibiotics considered may exert positive effects on some zootechnical and health parameters on piglet in the post-weaning period. Anyway, the mechanism of action and the interaction with microbiota of such additives should be investigated inside out because many effects remains poorly understood.

Gut microbiota perturbation induced by emerging dietary habits: an in vitro colon model to predict their effects by a microbiomic and metabolomic approach

Over the past 30 years, unhealthy diets and lifestyles have increased the incidence of noncommunicable diseases and are culprits of diffusion on world’s population of syndromes as obesity or other metabolic disorders, reaching pandemic proportions. In order to comply with such scenario, the food industry has tackled these challenges with different approaches, as the reformulation of foods, fortification of foods, substitution of ingredients and supplements with healthier ingredients, reduced animal protein, reduced fats and improved fibres applications. Although the technological quality of these emerging food products is known, the impact they have on the gut microbiota of consumers remains unclear. In the present PhD thesis, the recipient work was conducted to study different foods with the substitution of the industrial and market components to that of novel green oriented and sustainable ingredients. So far, this thesis included eight representative case studies of the most common substitutions/additions/fortifications in dairy, meat, and vegetable products. The products studied were: (i) a set of breads fortified with polyphenol-rich olive fiber, to replace synthetic antioxidant and preservatives, (ii) a set of Gluten-free breads fortified with algae powder, to fortify the protein content of standard GF products, (iii) different formulations of salami where nitrates were replaced by ascorbic acid and vegetal extract antioxidants and nitrate-reducers starter cultures, (iv) chocolate fiber plus D-Limonene food supplement, as a novel prebiotic formula, (v) hemp seed bran and its alkalase hydrolysate, to introduce as a supplement, (vi) milk with and without lactose, to evaluate the different impact on human colonic microbiota of healthy or lactose-intolerants, (vii) lactose-free whey fermented and/or with probiotics added, to be introduced as an alternative beverage, exploring its impact on human colonic microbiota from healthy or lactose-intolerants, and (viii) antibiotics, to assess whether maternal amoxicillin affects the colon microbiota of piglets.