Studio elettrofisiologico di modificazioni a lungo termine della forza della trasmissione sinaptica nel sistema nervoso centrale

Il nucleo accumbens (NAc), il maggior componente del sistema mesocorticolimbico, è coinvolto nella mediazione delle proprietà di rinforzo e nella dipendenza da diverse sostanze d’abuso. Le sinapsi glutammatergiche del NAc possono esprimere plasticità, tra cui una forma di depressione a lungo termine (LTD) dipendente dagli endocannabinoidi (eCB). Recenti studi hanno dimostrato un’interazione tra le vie di segnalazione del sistema eCB e quelle di altri sistemi recettoriali, compreso quello serotoninergico (5-HT); la vasta colocalizzazione di recettori serotoninergici e CB1 nel NAc suggerisce la possibilità di un’interazione tra questi due sistemi. In questo studio abbiamo riscontrato che una stimolazione a 4 Hz per 20 minuti (LFS-4Hz) delle afferenze glutammatergiche in fettine cerebrali di ratto, induce una nuova forma di eCB-LTD nel core del NAc, che richiede l’attivazione dei recettori CB1 e 5-HT2 e l’apertura dei canali del Ca2+ voltaggio-dipendenti di tipo L. Inoltre abbiamo valutato che l’applicazione esogena di 5-HT (5 M, 20 min) induce una LTD analoga (5-HT-LTD) a livello delle stesse sinapsi, che richiede l’attivazione dei medesimi recettori e l’apertura degli stessi canali del Ca2+; LFS-4Hz-LTD e 5-HT-LTD sono reciprocamente saturanti. Questi risultati suggeriscono che la LFS-4Hz induce il rilascio di 5-HT, che si lega ai recettori 5-HT2 a livello postsinaptico incrementando l’influsso di Ca2+ attraverso i canali voltaggio-dipendenti di tipo L e la produzione e il rilascio di 2-arachidonoilglicerolo; l’eCB viaggia a ritroso e si lega al recettore CB1 a livello presinaptico, causando una diminuzione duratura del rilascio di glutammato, che risulta in una LTD. Queste osservazioni possono essere utili per comprendere i meccanismi neurofisiologici che sono alla base della dipendenza da sostanze d’abuso, della depressione maggiore e di altre malattie psichiatriche caratterizzate dalla disfunzione della neurotrasmissione di 5-HT nel NAc.

Nuovo modello animale per lo studio della working memory: validazione farmacologica e applicazioni

The present study was performed to validate a spatial working memory task using pharmacological manipulations. The water escape T-maze, which combines the advantages of the Morris water maze and the T-maze while minimizes the disadvantages, was used. Scopolamine, a drug that affects cognitive function in spatial working memory tasks, significantly decreased the rat performance in the present delayed alternation task. Since glutamate neurotransmission plays an important role in the maintaining of working memory, we evaluated the effect of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamatergic receptors antagonists, administered alone or in combination, on rat behaviour. As the acquisition and performance of memory tasks has been linked to the expression of the immediately early gene cFos, a marker of neuronal activation, we also investigated the neurochemical correlates of the water escape T-maze after pharmacological treatment with glutamatergic antagonists, in various brain areas. Moreover, we focused our attention on the involvement of perirhinal cortex glutamatergic neurotransmission in the acquisition and/or consolidation of this particular task. The perirhinal cortex has strong and reciprocal connections with both specific cortical sensory areas and some memory-related structures, including the hippocampal formation and amygdala. For its peculiar position, perirhinal cortex has been recently regarded as a key region in working memory processes, in particular in providing temporary maintenance of information. The effect of perirhinal cortex lesions with ibotenic acid on the acquisition and consolidation of the water escape T-maze task was evaluated. In conclusion, our data suggest that the water escape T-maze could be considered a valid, simple and quite fast method to assess spatial working memory, sensible to pharmacological manipulations. Following execution of the task, we observed cFos expression in several brain regions. Furthermore, in accordance to literature, our results suggest that glutamatergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the acquisition and consolidation of working memory processes.

Role of caveolin-1 in the proliferation of solid tumours in vitro

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), the essential structural constituent of caveolae, which are flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane, has been found to play a key role in the modulation of cell proliferation and cancer development. It seems to act as an oncosuppressor or a promoter of growth, depending on the histotype, stage and grade of each tumour. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of Caveolin-1 gene silencing on the proliferation of human lung cancer and osteosarcoma in vitro. Our data show that Cav-1 silencing blocks the growth in both metastatic lung cancer cell lines analyzed, suggesting a proliferation promoting action of the protein in these cells. A marked decrease of phospho-Akt, phospho-ERK, STAT3, cyclin D1, CDK4 and consequently of phospho-Rb expression was evident in the cells treated with Cav-1 siRNA. With regards to osteosarcoma, we demonstrated that the suppression of Cav-1 results in the blocking of MG-63 and in the slowing down of HOS proliferation, suggesting a role for Cav-1 as a promoter of tumour growth in these cell lines. A marked decrease of phospho-Akt, cyclin E, CDK2 and phospho-Rb and an increase of p21 expression levels were evident in the cells treated with Cav-1 siRNA. Our results suggest two new cell cycle inhibiting pathways, mediated by Cav-1 knock-down, and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the tumour-promoting role of Cav-1 in lung cancer and osteosarcoma. In this work we also investigated the role of estrogens in lung cancer and the functional cross-talk between Cav-1 and estrogens/estrogen receptors in it. Our results show that 17β-estradiol induces proliferation either in RAL or in SCLC-R1 cells and that both cell lines are sensitive to 4-OHT antiproliferative effect. The sensitivity to estrogen stimulation seems to be gender- and/or histological type-independent in metastatic lung cancer in vitro.