The phenomenological experiences of Autobiographical Memory: A cross-sectional and a longitudinal study

Phenomenology is a critical component of autobiographical memory retrieval. Some memories are vivid and rich in sensory details whereas others are faded; some memories are experienced as emotionally intense whereas others are not. Sutin and Robins (2007) identified 10 dimensions in which a memory may vary—i.e., Vividness, Coherence, Accessibility, Sensory Details, Emotional Intensity, Visual Perspective, Time Perspective, Sharing, Distancing, and Valence—and developed a comprehensive psychometrically sound measure of memory phenomenology, the Memory Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ). Phenomenology has been linked to underlining stable dispositions—i.e. personality, as well as to a variety of positive/negative psychological outcomes—well-being and life satisfaction, depression and anxiety, among others. Using the MEQ, a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study were conducted on a large sample of American and Italian adults. In both studies, participants retrieved two ‘key’ personal memories, a Turning Point and a Childhood Memory, and rated the affect and phenomenology of each memory. Participants also completed self-reported measures of personality (i.e. Neuroticism and Conscientiousness), and measures of depression, well-being and life satisfaction. The present research showed that phenomenological ratings tend (a) to cross-sectionally increase across adulthood (Study 1), and (b) to be moderately stable over time, regardless the contents of the memories (Study 2). Interrelations among memory phenomenology, personality and psychological outcome variables were also examined (Study 1 and Study 2). In particular, autobiographical memory phenomenology was proposed as a dynamic expression of personality functioning that partially explains adaptive/maladaptive psychological outcomes. In fact, the findings partially supported the hypothesized mediating effect of phenomenology on the personality association with psychological outcomes. Implications of the findings are discussed proposing future lines of research. In particular, the need for more longitudinal studies is highlighted, along with the combined application of both self-report questionnaires and narrative measures.

Risposta Immunitaria Epatite B specifica in pazienti affetti da Epatocarcinoma

Hepatitis B x protein (HBx) is a non structural, multifunctional protein of hepatitis B virus (HBV) that modulates a variety of host processes.Due to its transcriptional activity,able to alter the expression of growth-control genes,it has been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis.Increased expression of HBx has been reported on the liver tissue samples of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),and a specific anti-HBx immune response can be detected in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic HBV.However,its role and entity has not been yet clarified.Thus,we performed a cross-sectional analysis of anti-HBx specific T cell response in HBV-infected patients in different stage of disease.A total of 70 HBV-infected subjects were evaluated:15 affected by chronic hepatitis (CH-median age 45 yrs),14 by cirrhosis (median age 55 yrs),11 with dysplastic nodules (median age 64 yrs),15 with HCC (median age 60 yrs),15 with IC(median age 53 yrs).All patients were infected by virus genotype D with different levels of HBV viremia and most of them (91%) were HBeAb positive.The HBx-specific T cell response was evaluated by anti-Interferon (IFN)-gamma Elispot assay after in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells,using 20 overlapping synthetic peptides covering all HBx protein sequence.HBx-specific IFN-gamma-secreting T cells were found in 6 out of 15 patients with chronic hepatitis (40%), 3 out of 14 cirrhosis (21%), in 5 out of 11 cirrhosis with macronodules (54%), and in 10 out of 15 HCC patients (67%). The number of responding patients resulted significantly higher in HCC than IC (p=0.02) and cirrhosis (p=0.02). Central specific region of the protein x was preferentially recognize,between 86-88 peptides. HBx response does not correlate with clinical feature disease(AFP,MELD).The HBx specific T-cell response seems to increase accordingly to progression of the disease, being increased in subjects with dysplastic or neoplastic lesions and can represent an additional tool to monitor the patients at high risk to develop HCC

Valutazione della relazione tra composizione corporea e stili di vita in soggetti di età scolare

Il lavoro svolto in questa tesi si propone di valutare la variabilità della composizione corporea nell’infanzia e nell’adolescenza, con particolare attenzione alla transizione dalla prima alla seconda, in relazione allo stato nutrizionale ed agli stili di vita. Lo studio è stato condotto eseguendo misure antropometriche presso scuole primarie e secondarie di Bologna. Sono stati analizzati inoltre dati acquisiti a partire dal 2004. Il campione analizzato comprende 3546 soggetti di età compresa tra 6 anni e 14 anni. In particolare sono state analizzate le principali misurazioni utili per il calcolo della composizione corporea, evidenziando i parametri antropometrici principali quali BMI, circonferenza vita, WHR, %F e FFM. Questi caratteri sono stati quindi messi in relazione con le informazioni inerenti l’attività sportiva extrascolastica e gli stili di vita dei soggetti esaminati. L’analisi trasversale delle principali caratteristiche antropometriche ha fornito un interessante panorama della situazione italiana e del nord Italia; lo studio longitudinale delle variabili antropometriche permette di ottenere un quadro aggiornato dei principali incrementi delle misure corporee. La valutazione della variabilità della composizione corporea in relazione all’attività sportiva e allo stile di vita durante il processo di accrescimento ha indicato come abitudini sane e propensione all’attività motoria sono sicuramente in grado di apportare miglioramenti nella modificazione della composizione corporea nel processo evolutivo specialmente se somministrate con modalità adeguate all’età e alle esigenze individuali. Questi aspetti sono certamente rilevanti e complessi, sarebbe infatti interessante in prospettiva futura riuscire ad indagare ancora più dettagliatamente sull’interazione tra i fattori che determinano e modificano la composizione corporea in un periodo della vita così particolare come la transizione dall’infanzia all’adolescenza.