Nutritional strategies to control mycotoxin damages in swine

Mycotoxins are contaminants of agricultural products both in the field and during storage and can enter the food chain through contaminated cereals and foods (milk, meat, and eggs) obtained from animals fed mycotoxin contaminated feeds. Mycotoxins are genotoxic carcinogens that cause health and economic problems. Ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 1993, as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (class 2B). To control mycotoxins induced damages, different strategies have been developed to reduce the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi as well as to decontaminate and/or detoxify mycotoxin contaminated foods and animal feeds. Critical points, target for these strategies, are: prevention of mycotoxin contamination, detoxification of mycotoxins already present in food and feed, inhibition of mycotoxin absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, reduce mycotoxin induced damages when absorption occurs. Decontamination processes, as indicate by FAO, needs the following requisites to reduce toxic and economic impact of mycotoxins: it must destroy, inactivate, or remove mycotoxins; it must not produce or leave toxic and/or carcinogenic/mutagenic residues in the final products or in food products obtained from animals fed decontaminated feed; it must be capable of destroying fungal spores and mycelium in order to avoiding mycotoxin formation under favorable conditions; it should not adversely affect desirable physical and sensory properties of the feedstuff; it has to be technically and economically feasible. One important approach to the prevention of mycotoxicosis in livestock is the addition in the diets of the non-nutritionally adsorbents that bind mycotoxins preventing the absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Activated carbons, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), zeolites, bentonites, and certain clays, are the most studied adsorbent and they possess a high affinity for mycotoxins. In recent years, there has been increasing interest on the hypothesis that the absorption in consumed food can be inhibited by microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. Numerous investigators showed that some dairy strains of LAB and bifidobacteria were able to bind aflatoxins effectively. There is a strong need for prevention of the mycotoxin-induced damages once the toxin is ingested. Nutritional approaches, such as supplementation of nutrients, food components, or additives with protective effects against mycotoxin toxicity are assuming increasing interest. Since mycotoxins have been known to produce damages by increasing oxidative stress, the protective properties of antioxidant substances have been extensively investigated. Purpose of the present study was to investigate in vitro and in vivo, strategies to counteract mycotoxin threat particularly in swine husbandry. The Ussing chambers technique was applied in the present study that for the first time to investigate in vitro the permeability of OTA and FB1 through rat intestinal mucosa. Results showed that OTA and FB1 were not absorbed from rat small intestine mucosa. Since in vivo absorption of both mycotoxins normally occurs, it is evident that in these experimental conditions Ussing diffusion chambers were not able to assess the intestinal permeability of OTA and FB1. A large number of LAB strains isolated from feces and different gastrointestinal tract regions of pigs and poultry were screened for their ability to remove OTA, FB1, and DON from bacterial medium. Results of this in vitro study showed low efficacy of isolated LAB strains to reduce OTA, FB1, and DON from bacterial medium. An in vivo trial in rats was performed to evaluate the effects of in-feed supplementation of a LAB strain, Pediococcus pentosaceus FBB61, to counteract the toxic effects induced by exposure to OTA contaminated diets. The study allows to conclude that feed supplementation with P. pentosaceus FBB61 ameliorates the oxidative status in liver, and lowers OTA induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney if diet was contaminated by OTA. This P. pentosaceus FBB61 feature joined to its bactericidal activity against Gram positive bacteria and its ability to modulate gut microflora balance in pigs, encourage additional in vivo experiments in order to better understand the potential role of P. pentosaceus FBB61 as probiotic for farm animals and humans. In the present study, in vivo trial on weaned piglets fed FB1 allow to conclude that feeding of 7.32 ppm of FB1 for 6 weeks did not impair growth performance. Deoxynivalenol contamination of feeds was evaluated in an in vivo trial on weaned piglets. The comparison between growth parameters of piglets fed DON contaminated diet and contaminated diet supplemented with the commercial product did not reach the significance level but piglet growth performances were numerically improved when the commercial product was added to DON contaminated diet. Further studies are needed to improve knowledge on mycotoxins intestinal absorption, mechanism for their detoxification in feeds and foods, and nutritional strategies to reduce mycotoxins induced damages in animals and humans. The multifactorial approach acting on each of the various steps could be a promising strategy to counteract mycotoxins damages.

Rex prudens et sapiens. Semantica della regalità negli specula principum d'epoca tardomedievale (secoli XII-XV)

La ricerca di Roberta Frigeni, svolta ad ampio spettro diacronico, è condotta su di una campionatura di specula principum - editi ed inediti - elaborati tra XII e XV secolo, e ne indaga il linguaggio quale referente privilegiato, rilevandone persistenze terminologiche e nuclei sintagmatici ricorrenti, al fine di individuare concetti utili a delineare un lessico politico proprio di questa testualità, in corrispondenza al sorgere dell’entità statale europea nel XIII secolo (con particolare riguardo all’area francese, ai regni di Luigi IX e Filippo il Bello). A partire da un’analisi critica delle tesi di Quentin Skinner circa la ‘ridefinizione paradiastolica’ del sistema delle virtù classiche entro il trattato De principatibus, lo studio innesca un percorso di indagine à rebours che - sondando il linguaggio - rintraccia nella trattatistica delle institutiones regum del XV secolo (Pontano, Patrizi, Carafa, Platina) e degli specula principum medievali (Elinando di Froidmont, Gilberto di Tournai, Vincenzo di Beauvais, Guglielmo Peraldo, Egidio Romano, Guido Vernani) una consonanza di motivi nella sintassi e nell’immaginario preposti ad illustrare le potenzialità semantiche del nome di prudentia, individuata quale unica virtù sopravvissuta alla ‘ridescrizione’ del codice etico operata da Machiavelli. Indagando i progressivi ampliamenti del campo semantico sorto attorno al nome della virtù di prudenza entro la letteratura speculare, la ricerca mostra come il dialettico rapporto con i lessemi di sapientia, astutia, fides ed experientia abbia avuto un ruolo determinante per il sorgere di un’immagine del principe emancipata dalla figura biblica del “rex sapiens”, e per la formazione di un lessico ospitale delle manifestazioni concrete del vivere politico ed economico. I processi di dilatazione e rarefazione del bacino semantico di prudentia sono, infatti, funzionali ad illustrare come il linguaggio della testualità speculare registri l’acquisizione di nuove strumentazioni teoriche grazie al rinnovamento delle fonti a disposizione lungo il secolo XIII, che - sostituendo progressivamente il più recente dossier aristotelico al solo apparato veterotestamentario - permettono di integrare la concezione delle virtù in senso operativo, adattandola alle esigenze politico-economiche dei nuovi contesti istituzionali monarchici.