197 resultados para raee aee sostenibilità sviluppo sostenibile


Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

An amperometric glucose biosensor was developed using an anionic clay matrix (LDH) as enzyme support. The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized on a layered double hydroxide Ni/Al-NO3 LDH during the electrosynthesis, which was followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (GA) vapours or with GA and bovine serum albumin (GABSA) to avoid the enzyme release. The electrochemical reaction was carried out potentiostatically, at -0.9V vs. SCE, using a rotating disc Pt electrode to assure homogeneity of the electrodeposition suspension, containing GOx, Ni(NO3)2 and Al(NO3)3 in 0.3 M KNO3. The mechanism responsible of the LDH electrodeposition involves the precipitation of the LDH due to the increase of pH at the surface of the electrode, following the cathodic reduction of nitrates. The Pt surface modified with the Ni/Al-NO3 LDH shows a much reduced noise, giving rise to a better signal to noise ratio for the currents relative to H2O2 oxidation, and a linear range for H2O2 determination wider than the one observed for bare Pt electrodes. We pointed out the performances of the biosensor in terms of sensitivity to glucose, calculated from the slope of the linear part of the calibration curve for enzimatically produced H2O2; the sensitivity was dependent on parameters related to the electrodeposition in addition to working conditions. In order to optimise the glucose biosensor performances, with a reduced number of experimental runs, we applied an experimental design. A first screening was performed considering the following variables: deposition time (30 - 120 s), enzyme concentration (0.5 - 3.0 mg/mL), Ni/Al molar ratio (3:1 or 2:1) of the electrodeposition solution at a total metals concentration of 0.03 M and pH of the working buffer solution (5.5-7.0). On the basis of the results from this screening, a full factorial design was carried out, taking into account only enzyme concentration and Ni/Al molar ratio of the electrosynthesis solution. A full factorial design was performed to study linear interactions between factors and their quadratic effects and the optimal setup was evaluated by the isoresponse curves. The significant factors were: enzyme concentration (linear and quadratic terms) and the interaction between enzyme concentration and Ni/Al molar ratio. Since the major obstacle for application of amperometric glucose biosensors is the interference signal resulting from other electro-oxidizable species present in the real matrices, such as ascorbate (AA), the use of different permselective membranes on Pt-LDHGOx modified electrode was discussed with the aim of improving biosensor selectivity and stability. Conventional membranes obtained using Nafion, glutaraldehyde (GA) vapours, GA-BSA were tested together with more innovative materials like palladium hexacyanoferrate (PdHCF) and titania hydrogels. Particular attention has been devoted to hydrogels, because they possess some attractive features, which are generally considered to favour biosensor materials biocompatibility and, consequently, the functional enzyme stability. The Pt-LDH-GOx-PdHCF hydrogel biosensor presented an anti-interferant ability so that to be applied for an accurate glucose analysis in blood. To further improve the biosensor selectivity, protective membranes containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were also investigated with the aim of oxidising the interferants before they reach the electrode surface. In such a case glucose determination was also accomplished in real matrices with high AA content. Furthermore, the application of a LDH containing nickel in the oxidised state was performed not only as a support for the enzyme, but also as anti-interferant sistem. The result is very promising and it could be the starting point for further applications in the field of amperometric biosensors; the study could be extended to other oxidase enzymes.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The thesis of this paper is based on the assumption that the socio-economic system in which we are living is characterised by three great trends: growing attention to the promotion of human capital; extremely rapid technological progress, based above all on the information and communication technologies (ICT); the establishment of new production and organizational set-ups. These transformation processes pose a concrete challenge to the training sector, which is called to satisfy the demand for new skills that need to be developed and disseminated. Hence the growing interest that the various training sub-systems devote to the issues of lifelong learning and distance learning. In such a context, the so-called e-learning acquires a central role. The first chapter proposes a reference theoretical framework for the transformations that are shaping post-industrial society. It analyzes some key issues such as: how work is changing, the evolution of organizational set-ups and the introduction of learning organization, the advent of the knowledge society and of knowledge companies, the innovation of training processes, and the key role of ICT in the new training and learning systems. The second chapter focuses on the topic of e-learning as an effective training model in response to the need for constant learning that is emerging in the knowledge society. This chapter starts with a reflection on the importance of lifelong learning and introduces the key arguments of this thesis, i.e. distance learning (DL) and the didactic methodology called e-learning. It goes on with an analysis of the various theoretic and technical aspects of e-learning. In particular, it delves into the theme of e-learning as an integrated and constant training environment, characterized by customized programmes and collaborative learning, didactic assistance and constant monitoring of the results. Thus, all the aspects of e-learning are taken into exam: the actors and the new professionals, the virtual communities as learning subjects, the organization of contents in learning objects, the conformity to international standards, the integrated platforms and so on. The third chapter, which concludes the theoretic-interpretative part, starts with a short presentation of the state-of-the-art e-learning international market that aims to understand its peculiarities and its current trends. Finally, we focus on some important regulation aspects related to the strong impulse given by the European Commission first, and by the Italian governments secondly, to the development and diffusion of e-learning. The second part of the thesis (chapters 4, 5 and 6) focus on field research, which aims to define the Italian scenario for e-learning. In particular, we have examined some key topics such as: the challenges of training and the instruments to face such challenges; the new didactic methods and technologies for lifelong learning; the level of diffusion of e-learning in Italy; the relation between classroom training and online training; the main factors of success as well as the most critical aspects of the introduction of e-learning in the various learning environments. As far as the methodological aspects are concerned, we have favoured a qualitative and quantitative analysis. A background analysis has been done to collect the statistical data available on this topic, as well as the research previously carried out in this area. The main source of data is constituted by the results of the Observatory on e-learning of Aitech-Assinform, which covers the 2000s and four areas of implementation (firms, public administration, universities, school): the thesis has reviewed the results of the last three available surveys, offering a comparative interpretation of them. We have then carried out an in-depth empirical examination of two case studies, which have been selected by virtue of the excellence they have achieved and can therefore be considered advanced and emblematic experiences (a large firm and a Graduate School).

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A wall film model has been implemented in a customized version of KIVA code developed at University of Bologna. Under the hypothesis of `thin laminar ow' the model simulates the dynamics of a liquid wall film generated by impinging sprays. Particular care has been taken in numerical implementation of the model. The major phenomena taken into account in the present model are: wall film formation by impinging spray; body forces, such as gravity or acceleration of the wall; shear stress at the interface with the gas and no slip condition on the wall; momentum contribution and dynamic pressure generated by the tangential and normal component of the impinging drops; film evaporation by heat exchange with wall and surrounding gas. The model doesn't consider the effect of the wavy film motion and suppose that all the impinging droplets adhere to the film. The governing equations have been integrated in space by using a finite volume approach with a first order upwind differencing scheme and they have been integrated in time with a fully explicit method. The model is validated using two different test cases reproducing PFI gasoline and DI Diesel engine wall film conditions.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Il trasporto intermodale ha acquisito un ruolo sempre più importante nello scenario dei trasporti comunitari merci durante gli ultimi quindici anni. La sfida che si era posta a inizi anni novanta in Europa consisteva nello sviluppo di una rete europea di trasporto combinato strada-ferrovia. A questo fine è stata fondamentale la cooperazione tra gli operatori del settore e le istituzioni (comunitarie e nazionali), nonché l’impulso dato dalla liberalizzazione del trasporto ferroviario, che fortemente influenza il trasporto combinato. Questa tesi, in particolare, intende studiare il ruolo del Sistema Gateway come strumento innovativo e di nuovo impulso per lo sviluppo della rete di trasporto combinato strada-rotaia in ambito europeo. Grazie a questo sistema, le unità di carico, dirette in una determinata regione, giungono ad un "Terminal Gateway", dove secondo un sistema di tipo “hub-and-spoke” vengono trasbordate a mezzo gru su treni “Shuttle” verso la destinazione finale. Tutto ciò avviene con operazioni fortemente automatizzate e veloci con sensibile vantaggio in termini di tempo e costi. La tesi parte da una descrizione del trasporto intermodale, facendo un focus sugli aspetti strutturali, tecnici e organizzativi del trasporto combinato strada – rotaia e del suo funzionamento. Passando attraverso l’analisi delle reti di trasporto merci in Europa, nel secondo capitolo. Il terzo capitolo entra nel vivo della Tesi introducendo l’oggetto dell’indagine: il Sistema Gateway nell’ambito dello sviluppo della rete europea del traffico combinato strada-ferrovia. Nella seconda parte della tesi è voluto studiare il Sistema Gateway con l’ausilio dei metodi d’analisi che vengono applicati per la scelta fra progetti alternativi nel campo della pianificazione dei trasporti, pertanto sono stati presi in rassegna e descritti i metodi più utilizzati: l’Analisi Benefici-Costi e l’Analisi Multicriteria. Nel caso applicativo è stata utilizzata l’Analisi Benefici-Costi. Infine nel capitolo sesto è stato presentato dettagliatamente il caso reale di studio che riguarda il progetto per la trasformazione del terminal di Verona Quadrante Europa in un terminal gateway.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

L’oggetto della tesi di dottorato è costituito, nel quadro delle reciproche relazioni tra assetti territoriali e sviluppo economico, dalla dimensione giuridica del governo del territorio. Il diritto del governo del territorio, infatti, sta attraversando, con un ritmo ed una intensità crescenti, una fase di profonde e non sempre lineari trasformazioni. Questi mutamenti, lungi dal limitarsi ad aspetti specifici e particolari, incidono sui «fondamentali» stessi della «materia», arrivando a mettere in discussione le ricostruzioni teoriche più accreditate e le prassi applicative maggiormente consolidate. A dispetto della rilevanza delle innovazioni, però, la dimensione giuridica del governo del territorio seguita ad essere un campo segnato da una notevole continuità ed ambiguità di fondo, dove le innovazioni stesse procedono di pari passo con le contraddizioni. Un’ambiguità che, fatalmente, si riflette sull’azione delle pubbliche amministrazioni cui sono attribuiti compiti in materia. Queste, infatti, trovandosi spesso tra l’«incudine» (delle innovazioni) ed il «martello» (delle contraddizioni), sono costrette ad operare in un contesto fortemente disomogeneo e disarticolato già sul piano normativo. Da qui deriva, altresì, la difficoltà di restituirne una cifra complessiva che non sia la riproposizione di piatte descrizioni del processo di progressivo, ma costante incremento della «complessità» - normativa, organizzativa e funzionale - del sistema giuridico di disciplina del territorio, a cui corrisponde ciò che appare sempre di più come una forma implicita di «rinuncia» a logiche e moduli d’azione più o meno unitari nella definizione degli assetti territoriali: in questo senso, pertanto, vanno lette le ricorrenti affermazioni relative allo stato di crisi che, anche prescindendo dai difetti congeniti della disciplina per come si è venuta giuridicamente a configurare, caratterizza il sistema di pianificazione territoriale ed urbanistica. Si spiega così perché, nonostante il profluvio di interventi da parte dei diversi legislatori, specialmente regionali, si sia ancora ben lontani dal fornire una risposta adeguata ai molteplici profili di criticità del sistema giuridico di disciplina del territorio: tra i quali, su tutti, va sicuramente menzionata la sempre più marcata asimmetria tra la configurazione «ontologicamente» territoriale e spaziale degli strumenti cui si tende a riconoscere la funzione di «motore immobile» dei processi di governo del territorio - i piani - e la componente temporale degli stessi in relazione alle vorticose modificazioni del contesto socio-economico di riferimento. Né, a dire il vero, gli «antidoti» alla complessità, via via introdotti in sede regionale, sembrano aver sortito - almeno fino ad ora - gli effetti sperati. L’esito di tutto ciò, però, non può che essere il progressivo venir meno di logiche unitarie e, soprattutto, «sistemiche» nella definizione degli assetti territoriali. Fenomeno, questo, che - paradossalmente - si manifesta con maggiore intensità proprio nel momento in cui, stante il legame sempre più stretto tra sviluppo socio-economico e competitività dei singoli sistemi territoriali, l’ordinamento dovrebbe muovere nella direzione opposta. Date le premesse, si è dunque strutturato il percorso di ricerca e analisi nel modo seguente. In primo luogo, si sono immaginati due capitoli nei quali sono trattati ed affrontati i temi generali dell’indagine e lo sfondo nel quale essa va collocata: le nozioni di governo del territorio e di urbanistica, nonché quella, eminentemente descrittiva, di governo degli assetti territoriali, i loro contenuti e le funzioni maggiormente rilevanti riconducibili a tali ambiti; la tematica della competitività e degli interessi, pubblici, privati e collettivi correlati allo sviluppo economico dei singoli sistemi territoriali; la presunta centralità riconosciuta, in questo quadro, al sistema di pianificazione territoriale ed urbanistica in una prospettiva promozionale dello sviluppo economico; ma, soprattutto, i riflessi ed i mutamenti indotti al sistema giuridico di disciplina del territorio dall’azione delle dinamiche cosiddette glocal: questo, sia per quanto concerne le modalità organizzative e procedimentali di esercizio delle funzioni da parte dei pubblici poteri, sia per quanto attiene, più in generale, alla composizione stessa degli interessi nella definizione degli assetti territoriali. In secondo luogo, si è reputato necessario sottoporre a vaglio critico il sistema pianificatorio, cercando di evidenziare i fattori strutturali e gli ulteriori elementi che hanno determinato il suo insuccesso come strumento per realizzare le condizioni ‘ottimali’ per lo sviluppo economico delle collettività che usano il territorio. In terzo luogo, poi, si è rivolto lo sguardo al quadro delle soluzioni individuate dalla normativa e, per certi versi, offerte dalla prassi alla crisi che ha investito il sistema di pianificazione del territorio, soffermandosi, specificatamente e con approccio critico, sull’urbanistica per progetti e sull’urbanistica consensuale nelle loro innumerevoli articolazioni e partizioni. Infine, si è provato a dar conto di quelle che potrebbero essere le linee evolutive dell’ordinamento, anche in un’ottica de jure condendo. Si è tentato, cioè, di rispondere, sulla base dei risultati raggiunti, alla domanda se e a quali condizioni il sistema di pianificazione territoriale ed urbanistica possa dirsi il modello preferibile per un governo degli assetti territoriali funzionale a realizzare le condizioni ottimali per lo sviluppo economico.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Human biomonitoring (HBM) is an ideal tool for evaluating toxicant exposure in health risk assessment. Chemical substances or their metabolites related to environmental pollutants can be detected as biomarkers of exposure using a wide variety of biological fluids. Individual exposure to aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (benzene, toluene, and o-xylene –“BTX”) were analysed with a liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (μHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantitative detection of the BTX exposure biomarker SPMA, SBMA and o-MBMA in human urine. Urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) is a biomarker proposed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) for assessing occupational exposure to benzene (Biological Exposure Index of 25 microg/g creatinine). Urinary S-benzylmercapturic (SBMA) and o-methyl S-benzyl mercapturic acid (o-MBMA) are specific toluene and o-xylene metabolites of glutathione detoxicant pathways, proposed as reliable biomarkers of exposure. To this aim a pre-treatment of the urine with solid phase extraction (SPE) and an evaporation step were necessary to concentrate the mercapturic acids before instrumental analysis. A liquid chromatography separation was carried out with a reversed phase capillary column (Synergi 4u Max-RP) using a binary gradient composed of an acquous solution of formic acid 0.07% v/v and methanol. The mercapturic acids were determinated by negative-ion-mass spectrometry and the data were corrected using isotope-labelled analogs as internal standards. The analytical method follows U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidance and was applied to assess exposure to BTX in a group of 396 traffic wardens. The association between biomarker results and individual factors, such as age, sex and tobacco smoke were also investigated. The present work also included improvements in the methods used by modifying various chromatographic parameters and experimental procedures. A partial validation was conducted to evaluate LOD, precision, accuracy, recovery as well as matrix effects. Higher sensitivity will be possible in future biological monitoring programmes, allowing evaluation of very low level of BTX human exposure. Keywords: Human biomonitoring, aromatic hydrocarbons, biomarker of exposure, HPLC-MS/MS.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The recent widespread diffusion of radio-frequency identification (RFID) applications operating in the UHF band has been supported by both the request for greater interrogation ranges and greater and faster data exchange. UHF-RFID systems, exploiting a physical interaction based on Electromagnetic propagation, introduce many problems that have not been fully explored for the previous generations of RFID systems (e.g. HF). Therefore, the availability of reliable tools for modeling and evaluating the radio-communication between Reader and Tag within an RFID radio-link are needed. The first part of the thesis discuss the impact of real environment on system performance. In particular an analytical closed form formulation for the back-scattered field from the Tag antenna and the formulation for the lower bound of the BER achievable at the Reader side will be presented, considering different possible electromagnetic impairments. By means of the previous formulations, of the analysis of the RFID link operating in near filed conditions and of some electromagnetic/system-level co-simulations, an in-depth study of the dimensioning parameters and the actual performance of the systems will be discussed and analyzed, showing some relevant properties and trade-offs in transponder and reader design. Moreover a new low cost approach to extend the read range of the RFID UHF passive systems will be discussed. Within the scope to check the reliability of the analysis approaches and of innovative proposals, some reference transponder antennas have been designed and extensive measurement campaign has been carried out with satisfactory results. Finally, some commercial ad-hoc transponder for industrial application have been designed within the cooperation with Datalogic s.p.a., some guidelines and results will be briefly presented.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Increasingly stringent exhaust emission limits and higher fuel economy are the main drivers of the engine development process. As a consequence, the complexity of the propulsion units and its subsystems increase, due to the extensive use of sensors and actuators needed to obtain a precise control over the combustion phase. Since engine calibration process consumes most of the development time, new tools and methodologies are needed to shorten the development time and increase the performance attainable. Real time combustion analysis, based on the in-cylinder pressure signal, can significantly improve the calibration of the engine control strategies and the development of new algorithms, giving instantaneous feedback on the engine behavior. A complete combustion analysis and diagnosis system has been developed, capable of evaluating the most important indicators about the combustion process, such as indicated mean effective pressure, heat release, mass fraction burned and knock indexes. Such a tool is built on top of a flexible, modular and affordable hardware platform, capable of satisfying the requirements needed for accuracy and precision, but also enabling the use directly on-board the vehicle, due to its small form factor.