113 resultados para Ospizio di San Michele (Rome, Italy)
Resumo:
Angela da Foligno’s Liber is a fundamental text for the scholar of Women Mystics between the XIIIth and the XIVth century in Italy and all over Europe, and it has been chosen in my research because of its originality, with refer of its feminine and franciscan essence. Angela teaches to the italian hagiographic tradition the internal point of view of the holy woman, who becomes the teller of her both ordinary and extraordinary experiences. After giving references about the religious and social historical universe in evolution during the XIIth century, my research proceeds with a linguistic and rhetorical analysis based upon the Liber. I have been searching in Angela’s text and in contemporary italian feminine hagiography the sensory metaphor of “tasting”. That kind of metaphor has an ancient memory and, thanks to the Origene’s studies - the Christian Father of the IIIrd century - we can easily recognize it already in the Bible; Origene identifies the sensory metaphor as a rhetoric system, able to exemplify the God learning process of soul. Theory of “spiritual senses”, theory of vision and rhetoric, evolving from the IIIrd to the XIIIth century, are the theological and linguistic heritage of our feminine and franciscan literature. Inside of that, the metaphor of “tasting” moves and changes, therefore becoming the favourite way of mystics to represent the contact of their souls with God.
Resumo:
The present study is part of the EU Integrated Project “GEHA – Genetics of Healthy Aging” (Franceschi C et al., Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1100: 21-45, 2007), whose aim is to identify genes involved in healthy aging and longevity, which allow individuals to survive to advanced age in good cognitive and physical function and in the absence of major age-related diseases. Aims The major aims of this thesis were the following: 1. to outline the recruitment procedure of 90+ Italian siblings performed by the recruiting units of the University of Bologna (UNIBO) and Rome (ISS). The procedures related to the following items necessary to perform the study were described and commented: identification of the eligible area for recruitment, demographic aspects related to the need of getting census lists of 90+siblings, mail and phone contact with 90+ subjects and their families, bioethics aspects of the whole procedure, standardization of the recruitment methodology and set-up of a detailed flow chart to be followed by the European recruitment centres (obtainment of the informed consent form, anonimization of data by using a special code, how to perform the interview, how to collect the blood, how to enter data in the GEHA Phenotypic Data Base hosted at Odense). 2. to provide an overview of the phenotypic characteristics of 90+ Italian siblings recruited by the recruiting units of the University of Bologna (UNIBO) and Rome (ISS). The following items were addressed: socio-demographic characteristics, health status, cognitive assessment, physical conditions (handgrip strength test, chair-stand test, physical ability including ADL, vision and hearing ability, movement ability and doing light housework), life-style information (smoking and drinking habits) and subjective well-being (attitude towards life). Moreover, haematological parameters collected in the 90+ sibpairs as optional parameters by the Bologna and Rome recruiting units were used for a more comprehensive evaluation of the results obtained using the above mentioned phenotypic characteristics reported in the GEHA questionnaire. 3. to assess 90+ Italian siblings as far as their health/functional status is concerned on the basis of three classification methods proposed in previous studies on centenarians, which are based on: • actual functional capabilities (ADL, SMMSE, visual and hearing abilities) (Gondo et al., J Gerontol. 61A (3): 305-310, 2006); • actual functional capabilities and morbidity (ADL, ability to walk, SMMSE, presence of cancer, ictus, renal failure, anaemia, and liver diseases) (Franceschi et al., Aging Clin Exp Res, 12:77-84, 2000); • retrospectively collected data about past history of morbidity and age of disease onset (hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, stroke, cancer, osteopororis, neurological diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ocular diseases) (Evert et al., J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 58A (3): 232-237, 2003). Firstly these available models to define the health status of long-living subjects were applied to the sample and, since the classifications by Gondo and Franceschi are both based on the present functional status, they were compared in order to better recognize the healthy aging phenotype and to identify the best group of 90+ subjects out of the entire studied population. 4. to investigate the concordance of health and functional status among 90+ siblings in order to divide sibpairs in three categories: the best (both sibs are in good shape), the worst (both sibs are in bad shape) and an intermediate group (one sib is in good shape and the other is in bad shape). Moreover, the evaluation wanted to discover which variables are concordant among siblings; thus, concordant variables could be considered as familiar variables (determined by the environment or by genetics). 5. to perform a survival analysis by using mortality data at 1st January 2009 from the follow-up as the main outcome and selected functional and clinical parameters as explanatory variables. Methods A total of 765 90+ Italian subjects recruited by UNIBO (549 90+ siblings, belonging to 258 families) and ISS (216 90+ siblings, belonging to 106 families) recruiting units are included in the analysis. Each subject was interviewed according to a standardized questionnaire, comprising extensively utilized questions that have been validated in previous European studies on elderly subjects and covering demographic information, life style, living conditions, cognitive status (SMMSE), mood, health status and anthropometric measurements. Moreover, subjects were asked to perform some physical tests (Hand Grip Strength test and Chair Standing test) and a sample of about 24 mL of blood was collected and then processed according to a common protocol for the preparation and storage of DNA aliquots. Results From the analysis the main findings are the following: - a standardized protocol to assess cognitive status, physical performances and health status of European nonagenarian subjects was set up, in respect to ethical requirements, and it is available as a reference for other studies in this field; - GEHA families are enriched in long-living members and extreme survival, and represent an appropriate model for the identification of genes involved in healthy aging and longevity; - two simplified sets of criteria to classify 90+ sibling according to their health status were proposed, as operational tools for distinguishing healthy from non healthy subjects; - cognitive and functional parameters have a major role in categorizing 90+ siblings for the health status; - parameters such as education and good physical abilities (500 metres walking ability, going up and down the stairs ability, high scores at hand grip and chair stand tests) are associated with a good health status (defined as “cognitive unimpairment and absence of disability”); - male nonagenarians show a more homogeneous phenotype than females, and, though far fewer in number, tend to be healthier than females; - in males the good health status is not protective for survival, confirming the male-female health survival paradox; - survival after age 90 was dependent mainly on intact cognitive status and absence of functional disabilities; - haemoglobin and creatinine levels are both associated with longevity; - the most concordant items among 90+ siblings are related to the functional status, indicating that they contain a familiar component. It is still to be investigated at what level this familiar component is determined by genetics or by environment or by the interaction between genetics, environment and chance (and at what level). Conclusions In conclusion, we could state that this study, in accordance with the main objectives of the whole GEHA project, represents one of the first attempt to identify the biological and non biological determinants of successful/unsuccessful aging and longevity. Here, the analysis was performed on 90+ siblings recruited in Northern and Central Italy and it could be used as a reference for others studies in this field on Italian population. Moreover, it contributed to the definition of “successful” and “unsuccessful” aging and categorising a very large cohort of our most elderly subjects into “successful” and “unsuccessful” groups provided an unrivalled opportunity to detect some of the basic genetic/molecular mechanisms which underpin good health as opposed to chronic disability. Discoveries in the topic of the biological determinants of healthy aging represent a real possibility to identify new markers to be utilized for the identification of subgroups of old European citizens having a higher risk to develop age-related diseases and disabilities and to direct major preventive medicine strategies for the new epidemic of chronic disease in the 21st century.
Resumo:
Cosa e’ stato fatto e il fine della ricerca in questi tre anni si è esaminato il materiale edito sui sarcofagi del periodo in esame, sui culti funerari, i problemi religiosi ed artistici. Per trovare confronti validi si sono resi necessari alcuni viaggi sia in Italia che all’estero. Lo scopo della ricerca è stato quello di “leggere” i messaggi insiti nelle figurazioni delle casse dei sarcofagi, per comprendere meglio la scelta dei committenti verso determinati temi e la ricezione di questi ultimi da parte del pubblico. La tomba, infatti, è l’ultima traccia che l’uomo lascia di sé ed è quindi importante cercare di determinare l’impatto psicologico del monumento funerario sul proprietario, che spesso lo acquistava quando ancora era in vita, e sui familiari in visita alla tomba durante la celebrazione dei riti per i defunti. Nell’ultimo anno, infine, si è provveduto a scrivere la tesi suddivindendo i capitoli e i pezzi in base all’argomento delle figurazioni (mitologici, di virtù, etc.). I capitoli introduttivi Nel primo capitolo di introduzione si è cercato di dare un affresco per sommi capi del periodo storico in esame da Caracalla a Teodosio e della Chiesa di III e IV secolo, mettendo in luce la profonda crisi che gravava sull’Impero e le varie correnti che frammentavano il cristianesimo. In particolare alcune dispute, come quella riguardante i lapsi, sarà alla base di ipotesi interpretative riguardanti la raffigurazione del rifiuto dei tre giovani Ebrei davanti a Nabuchodonosor. Nel capitolo seguente vengono esaminati i riti funerari e il ruolo dei sarcofagi in tali contesti, evidenziando le diverse situazioni emotive degli osservatori dei pezzi e, quindi, l’importanza dei temi trattati nelle casse. I capitolo Questo capitolo tratta dei sarcofagi mitologici. Dopo una breve introduzione, dove viene spiegata l’entrata in uso dei pezzi in questione, si passa alla discussione dei temi, suddivisi in paragrafi. La prima classe di materiali è qualla con la “caduta di Fetonte” la cui interpretazione sembra chiara: una tragedia familiare. Il compianto sul corpo di un ragazzo morto anzi tempo, al quale partecipa tutto il cosmo. L’afflizione dei familiari è immane e sembra priva di una possibile consolazione. L’unico richiamo a riprendere a vivere è solo quello del dovere (Mercurio che richiama Helios ai propri impegni). La seconda classe è data dalle scene di rapimento divino visto come consolazione e speranza in un aldilà felice, come quelle di Proserpina e Ila. Nella trasposizione della storia di Ila è interessante anche notare il fatto che le ninfe rapitrici del giovane – defunto abbiano le sembianze delle parenti già morte e di un fanciullo, probabilmente la madre, la nonna e un fratello deceduto anzi tempo. La terza classe presenta il tema del distacco e dell’esaltazione delle virtù del defunto nelle vesti dei cacciatori mitici Mealeagro, Ippolito e Adone tutti giovani, forti e coraggiosi. In questi sarcofagi ancor più che negli altri il motivo della giovinezza negata a causa della morte è fondamentale per sottolineare ancora di più la disperazione e il dolore dei genitori rimasti in vita. Nella seguente categoria le virtù del defunto sono ancora il tema dominante, ma in chiave diversa: in questo caso l’eroe è Ercole, intento ad affrontare le sue fatiche. L’interpretazione è la virtù del defunto che lo ha portato a vincere tutte le difficoltà incontrate durante la propria vita, come dimostrerebbe anche l’immagine del semidio rappresentato in età diverse da un’impresa all’altra. Vi è poi la categoria del sonno e della morte, con i miti di Endimione, Arianna e Rea Silvia, analizzato anche sotto un punto di vista psicologico di aiuto per il superamento del dolore per la perdita di un figlio, un marito, o, ancora, della sposa. Accanto ai sarcofagi con immagini di carattere narrativo, vi sono numerosi rilievi con personaggi mitici, che non raccontano una storia, ma si limitano a descrivere situazioni e stati d’animo di felicità. Tali figurazioni si possono dividere in due grandi gruppi: quelle con cortei marini e quelle con il tiaso dionisiaco, facendo dell’amore il tema specifico dei rilievi. Il fatto che quello del tiaso marino abbia avuto così tanta fortuna, forse, per la numerosa letteratura che metteva in relazione l’Aldilà con l’acqua: l’Isola dei Beati oltre l’Oceano, viaggi per mare verso il mondo dei morti. Certo in questo tipo di sarcofagi non vi sono esplicitate queste credenze, ma sembrano più che altro esaltare le gioie della vita. Forse il tutto può essere spiegato con la coesistenza, nei familiari del defunto, della memoria retrospettiva e della proiezione fiduciosa nel futuro. Sostanzialmente era un modo per evocare situazioni gioiose e di godimento sensibile, riferendole ai morti in chiave beneaugurale. Per quanto rigurda il tiaso di Bacco, la sua fortuna è stata dettata dal fatto che il suo culto è sempre stato molto attivo. Bacco era dio della festa, dell’estasi, del vino, era il grande liberatore, partecipe della crescita e della fioritura, il grande forestiero , che faceva saltare gli ordinamenti prestabiliti, i confini della città con la campagna e le convenzioni sociali. Era il dio della follia, al quale le menadi si abbandonavano nella danza rituale, che aggrediva le belve, amante della natura, ma che penetra nella città, sconvolgendola. Del suo seguito facevano parte esseri ibridi, a metà tra l’ordine e la bestialità e animali feroci ammansiti dal vino. I suoi nemici hanno avuto destini orribili di indicibile crudeltà, ma chi si è affidato anima e corpo a lui ha avuto gioia, voluttà, allegria e pienezza di vita. Pur essendo un valente combattente, ha caratteri languidi e a tratti femminei, con forme floride e capelli lunghi, ebbro e inebriante. Col passare del tempo la conquista indiana di alessandro si intrecciò al mito bacchico e, a lungo andare, tutti i caratteri oscuri e minacciosi della divinità scomparirono del tutto. Un esame sistematico dei temi iconografici riconducibili al mito di Bacco non è per nulla facile, in quanto l’oggetto principale delle raffigurazioni è per lo più il tiaso o come corteo festoso, o come gruppi di figure danzanti e musicanti, o, ancora, intento nella vendemmia. Ciò che interessava agli scultori era l’atmosfera gioiosa del tiaso, al punto che anche un episodio importante, come abbiamo visto, del ritrovamento di Arianna si pèerde completamente dentro al corteo, affollatissimo di personaggi. Questo perché, come si è detto anche al riguardo dei corte marini, per creare immagini il più possibile fitte e gravide di possibilità associative. Altro contesto iconografico dionisiaco è quello degli amori con Arianna. Sui sarcofagi l’amore della coppia divina è raffigurato come una forma di stupore e rapimento alla vista dell’altro, un amore fatto di sguardi, come quello del marito sulla tomba della consorte. Un altro tema , che esalta l’amore, è senza ombra di dubbio quello di Achille e Pentesilea, allegoria dell’amore coniugale. Altra classe è qualla con il mito di Enomao, che celebra il coraggio virile e l’attitudine alla vittoria del defunto e, se è presente la scena di matrimonio con Ippodamia, l’amore verso la sposa. Infine vi sono i sarcofagi delle Muse: esaltazione della cultura e della saggezza del morto. II capitolo Accanto ad i grandi ambiti mitologici dei due tiasi del capitolo precedente era la natura a lanciare un messaggio di vita prospera e pacifica. Gli aspetti iconografici diq uesto tema sono due: le stagioni e la vita in un ambiente bucolico. Nonostante la varietà iconografica del soggetto, l’idea di fondo rimane invariata: le stagioni portano ai morti i loro doni affinchè possano goderne tutto l’anno per l’eternità. Per quanto riguarda le immagini bucoliche sono ispirate alla vita dei pastori di ovini, ma ovviamente non a quella reale: i committenti di tali sarcofagi non avevano mai vissuto con i pastori, né pensavano di farlo i loro parenti. Le immagini realistiche di contadini, pastori, pescatori, tutte figure di infimo livello sociale, avevano assunto tratti idilliaci sotto l’influsso della poesia ellenistica. Tutte queste visioni di felicità mancano di riferimenti concreti sia temporali che geografici. Qui non vi sono protagonisti e situazioni dialogiche con l’osservatore esterno, attraverso la ritrattistica. I defunti se appaiono sono all’interno di un tondo al centro della cassa. Nei contesti bucolici, che andranno via, via, prendendo sempre più piede nel III secolo, come in quelli filosofici, spariscono del tutto le scene di lutto e di cordoglio. Le immagini dovevano essere un invito a godersi la vita, ma dovevano anche dire qualcosa del defunto. In una visione retrospettiva, forse, si potrebbero intendere come una dichiarazione che il morto, in vita, non si era fatto mancare nulla. Nel caso opposto, poteve invece essere un augurio ad un’esistenza felice nell’aldilà. III capitolo Qui vengono trattati i sarcofagi con l’esaltazione e l’autorappresentazione del defunto e delle sue virtù in contesti demitizzati. Tra i valori ricorrenti, esaltati nei sarcofagi vi è l’amore coniugale espresso dal tema della dextrarum iunctio, simbolo del matrimonio, la cultura, il potere, la saggezza, il coraggio, esplicitato dalle cacce ad animali feroci, il valore guerriero e la giustizia, dati soprattutto dalle scene di battaglia e di giudizio sui vinti. IV capitolo In questo capitolo si è provato a dare una nuova chiave di lettura ai sarcofagi imperiali di S. Elena e di Costantina. Nel primo caso si tratterebbe della vittoria eterna sul male, mentre nel secondo era un augurio di vita felice nell’aldilà in comunione con Dio e la resurrezione nel giorno del giudizio. V capitolo Il capitolo tratta le mediae voces, quei pezzi che non trovano una facile collocazione in ambito religioso poiché presentano temi neutri o ambivalenti, come quelli del buon pastore, di Prometeo, dell’orante. VI capitolo Qui trovano spazio i sarcofagi cristiani, dove sono scolpite varie scene tratte dalle Sacre Scritture. Anche in questo caso si andati al di là della semplice analisi stilistica per cercare di leggere il messaggio contenuto dalle sculture. Si sono scoperte preghiere, speranze e polemiche con le correnti cristiane considerate eretiche o “traditrici” della vera fede, contro la tradizionale interpretazione che voleva le figurazioni essenzialmente didascaliche. VII capitolo Qui vengono esposte le conclusioni da un punto di vista sociologico e psicologico.
Resumo:
The recent default of important Italian agri-business companies provides a challenging issue to be investigated through an appropriate scientific approach. The events involving CIRIO, FERRUZZI or PARMALAT rise an important research question: what are the determinants of performance for Italian companies in the Italian agri – food sector? My aim is not to investigate all the factors that are relevant in explaining performance. Performance depends on a wide set of political, social, economic variables that are strongly interconnected and that are often very difficult to express by formal or mathematical tools. Rather, in my thesis I mainly focus on those aspects that are strictly related to the governance and ownership structure of agri – food companies representing a strand of research that has been quite neglected by previous scholars. The conceptual framework from which I move to justify the existence of a relationship between the ownership structure of a company, governance and performance is the model set up by Airoldi and Zattoni (2005). In particular the authors investigate the existence of complex relationships arising within the company and between the company and the environment that can bring different strategies and performances. They do not try to find the “best” ownership structure, rather they outline what variables are connected and how they could vary endogenously within the whole economic system. In spite of the fact that the Airoldi and Zattoni’s model highlights the existence of a relationship between ownership and structure that is crucial for the set up of the thesis the authors fail to apply quantitative analyses in order to verify the magnitude, sign and the causal direction of the impact. In order to fill this gap we start from the literature trying to investigate the determinants of performance. Even in this strand of research studies analysing the relationship between different forms of ownership and performance are still lacking. In this thesis, after a brief description of the Italian agri – food sector and after an introduction including a short explanation of the definitions of performance and ownership structure, I implement a model in which the performance level (interpreted here as Return on Investments and Return on Sales) is related to variables that have been previously identified by the literature as important such as the financial variables (cash and leverage indices), the firm location (North Italy, Centre Italy, South Italy), the power concentration (lower than 25%, between 25% and 50% and between 50% and 100% of ownership control) and the specific agri – food sector (agriculture, food and beverage). Moreover we add a categorical variable representing different forms of ownership structure (public limited company, limited liability company, cooperative) that is the core of our study. All those variables are fully analysed by a preliminary descriptive analysis. As in many previous contributions we apply a panel least squares analysis for 199 Italian firms in the period 1998 – 2007 with data taken from the Bureau Van Dijck Dataset. We apply two different models in which the dependant variables are respectively the Return on Investments (ROI) and the Return on Sales (ROS) indicators. Not surprisingly we find that companies located in the North Italy representing the richest area in Italy perform better than the ones located in the Centre and South of Italy. In contrast with the Modigliani - Miller theorem financial variables could be significant and the specific sector within the agri – food market could play a relevant role. As the power concentration, we find that a strong property control (higher than 50%) or a fragmented concentration (lower than 25%) perform better. This result apparently could suggest that “hybrid” forms of concentrations could create bad functioning in the decision process. As our key variables representing the ownership structure we find that public limited companies and limited liability companies perform better than cooperatives. This is easily explainable by the fact that law establishes that cooperatives are less profit – oriented. Beyond cooperatives public limited companies perform better than limited liability companies and show a more stable path over time. Results are quite consistent when we consider both ROI and ROS as dependant variables. These results should not lead us to claim that public limited company is the “best” among all possible governance structures. First, every governance solution should be considered according to specific situations. Second more robustness analyses are needed to confirm our results. At this stage we deem these findings, the model set up and our approach represent original contributions that could stimulate fruitful future studies aimed at investigating the intriguing issue concerning the effect of ownership structure on the performance levels.
Resumo:
In the last decade the interest for submarine instability grew up, driven by the increasing exploitation of natural resources (primary hydrocarbons), the emplacement of bottom-lying structures (cables and pipelines) and by the development of coastal areas, whose infrastructures increasingly protrude to the sea. The great interest for this topic promoted a number of international projects such as: STEAM (Sediment Transport on European Atlantic Margins, 93-96), ENAM II (European North Atlantic Margin, 96-99), GITEC (Genesis and Impact of Tsunamis on the European Coast 92-95), STRATAFORM (STRATA FORmation on Margins, 95-01), Seabed Slope Process in Deep Water Continental Margin (Northwest Gulf of Mexico, 96-04), COSTA (Continental slope Stability, 00-05), EUROMARGINS (Slope Stability on Europe’s Passive Continental Margin), SPACOMA (04-07), EUROSTRATAFORM (European Margin Strata Formation), NGI's internal project SIP-8 (Offshore Geohazards), IGCP-511: Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences (05-09) and projects indirectly related to instability processes, such as TRANSFER (Tsunami Risk ANd Strategies For the European region, 06-09) or NEAREST (integrated observations from NEAR shore sourcES of Tsunamis: towards an early warning system, 06-09). In Italy, apart from a national project realized within the activities of the National Group of Volcanology during the framework 2000-2003 “Conoscenza delle parti sommerse dei vulcani italiani e valutazione del potenziale rischio vulcanico”, the study of submarine mass-movement has been underestimated until the occurrence of the landslide-tsunami events that affected Stromboli on December 30, 2002. This event made the Italian Institutions and the scientific community more aware of the hazard related to submarine landslides, mainly in light of the growing anthropization of coastal sectors, that increases the vulnerability of these areas to the consequences of such processes. In this regard, two important national projects have been recently funded in order to study coastal instabilities (PRIN 24, 06-08) and to map the main submarine hazard features on continental shelves and upper slopes around the most part of Italian coast (MaGIC Project). The study realized in this Thesis is addressed to the understanding of these processes, with particular reference to Stromboli submerged flanks. These latter represent a natural laboratory in this regard, as several kind of instability phenomena are present on the submerged flanks, affecting about 90% of the entire submerged areal and often (strongly) influencing the morphological evolution of subaerial slopes, as witnessed by the event occurred on 30 December 2002. Furthermore, each phenomenon is characterized by different pre-failure, failure and post-failure mechanisms, ranging from rock-falls, to turbidity currents up to catastrophic sector collapses. The Thesis is divided into three introductive chapters, regarding a brief review of submarine instability phenomena and related hazard (cap. 1), a “bird’s-eye” view on methodologies and available dataset (cap. 2) and a short introduction on the evolution and the morpho-structural setting of the Stromboli edifice (cap. 3). This latter seems to play a major role in the development of largescale sector collapses at Stromboli, as they occurred perpendicular to the orientation of the main volcanic rift axis (oriented in NE-SW direction). The characterization of these events and their relationships with successive erosive-depositional processes represents the main focus of cap.4 (Offshore evidence of large-scale lateral collapses on the eastern flank of Stromboli, Italy, due to structurally-controlled, bilateral flank instability) and cap. 5 (Lateral collapses and active sedimentary processes on the North-western flank of Stromboli Volcano), represented by articles accepted for publication on international papers (Marine Geology). Moreover, these studies highlight the hazard related to these catastrophic events; several calamities (with more than 40000 casualties only in the last two century) have been, in fact, the direct or indirect result of landslides affecting volcanic flanks, as observed at Oshima-Oshima (1741) and Unzen Volcano (1792) in Japan (Satake&Kato, 2001; Brantley&Scott, 1993), Krakatau (1883) in Indonesia (Self&Rampino, 1981), Ritter Island (1888), Sissano in Papua New Guinea (Ward& Day, 2003; Johnson, 1987; Tappin et al., 2001) and Mt St. Augustine (1883) in Alaska (Beget& Kienle, 1992). Flank landslide are also recognized as the most important and efficient mass-wasting process on volcanoes, contributing to the development of the edifices by widening their base and to the growth of a volcaniclastic apron at the foot of a volcano; a number of small and medium-scale erosive processes are also responsible for the carving of Stromboli submarine flanks and the transport of debris towards the deeper areas. The characterization of features associated to these processes is the main focus of cap. 6; it is also important to highlight that some small-scale events are able to create damage to coastal areas, as also witnessed by recent events of Gioia Tauro 1978, Nizza, 1979 and Stromboli 2002. The hazard potential related to these phenomena is, in fact, very high, as they commonly occur at higher frequency with respect to large-scale collapses, therefore being more significant in terms of human timescales. In the last chapter (cap. 7), a brief review and discussion of instability processes identified on Stromboli submerged flanks is presented; they are also compared with respect to analogous processes recognized in other submerged areas in order to shed lights on the main factors involved in their development. Finally, some applications of multibeam data to assess the hazard related to these phenomena are also discussed.
Resumo:
Introduzione La diagnosi di HCC con le tecniche di immagine ed in particolare con CEUS su fegato cirrotico secondo le ultime linee guida prevede un comportamento contrastografico di ipervascolarizzazione nella fase arteriosa e wash-out nella fase tardiva. CEUS è ormai una metodica accettata per la diagnosi ma il wash out nella fase tardiva presenta notevoli difficoltà nel determinare il comportamento contrastografico in quanto valutato soggettivamente su display, infatti il giudizio di tale fase dipende molto dall’operatore e non è rarissimo che nascono discordanza tra operatori anche per piccole differenze. Recentemente è stato proposto un nuovo software(SonoLiver, Bracco, Italy) in grado di quantificare la perfusione delle lesione durante CEUS. Pertanto lo scopo di questo studio pilota è quello di valutare l’impatto di SonoLiver nel rilevare caratteristiche contrastografiche tipiche dell’HCC e valutare la riproducibilità tra due operatori. Pazienti e metodi: Sono stati presi in considerazione 20 noduli (di dimensioni tra 12-95 mm) con diagnosi di HCC in 20 pazienti con cirrosi . La CEUS è stata valutata dapprima ad occhio nudo su display e successivamente con le curve ottenute con DVP da parte di due operatori diversi in cieco, dopo un periodo di formazione adeguata. Sono state quindi analizzate le performance di ciascuna metodica sia in termini di variabilità tra i due operatori che la variabilità tra CEUS ad occhio nudo e CEUS con SonoLiver dello stesso operatore. Risultati:Operatore 1 ha rilevato ipervascolarizzazione in fase arteriosa in 17 su 20 pazienti con valutazione ad occhio nudo su schermo e su 19/20 con le curve ottenute con DVP (+10% sensibilità) mentre operatore 2 ha rilevato ipervascolarizzazione in fase arteriosa19/20 pazienti sia con valutazione ad occhio nudo che con le curve DVP. Nella fase tardiva il wash-out è stato rilevato in 7/20 ad occhio nudo e 10/20 pazienti con le curve DVP (sensibilità aumenta da 35% a 50%) mentre operatore 2 ha rilevato rispettivamente 8/20 e 11/20 (sensibilità aumenta da 40% a 55%). La riproducibilità tra i due operatori rimane invariata con la valutazione di Sonoliver sia nella fase arteriosa che nella fase tardiva. Conclusione:La quantificazione perfusionale con SonoLiver sembra essere uno strumento promettente nella diagnosi di HCC su fegato cirrotico, aumentando aspetti tipici contrastografici.
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PROBLEM In the last few years farm tourism or agritourism as it is also referred to has enjoyed increasing success because of its generally acknowledged role as a promoter of economic and social development of rural areas. As a consequence, a plethora of studies have been dedicated to this tourist sector, focusing on a variety of issues. Nevertheless, despite the difficulties of many farmers to orient their business towards potential customers, the contribution of the marketing literature has been moderate. PURPOSE This dissertation builds upon studies which advocate the necessity of farm tourism to innovate itself according to the increasingly demanding needs of customers. Henceforth, the purpose of this dissertation is to critically evaluate the level of professionalism reached in the farm tourism market within a marketing approach. METHODOLOGY This dissertation is a cross-country perspective incorporating the marketing of farm tourism studied in Germany and Italy. Hence, the marketing channels of this tourist sector are examined both from the supply and the demand side by means of five exploratory studies. The data collection has been conducted in the timeframe of 2006 to 2009 in manifold ways (online survey, catalogues of industry associations, face-to-face interviews, etc.) according to the purpose of the research of each study project. The data have been analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis. FINDINGS A comprehensive literature review provides the state of the art of the main differences and similarities of farm tourism in the two countries of study. The main findings contained in the empirical chapters provide insights on many aspects of agritourism including how the expectations of farm operators and customers differ, which development scenarios of farm tourism are more likely to meet individuals’ needs, how new technologies can impact the demand for farm tourism, etc. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The value of this study is in the investigation of the process by which farmers’ participation in the development of this sector intersects with consumer consumption patterns. Focusing on this process should allow farm operators and others including related businesses to more efficiently allocate resources.
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In the whole of Europe the most important composer of concertos for two violins is indubitably Vivaldi (1678-1741), who produced almost thirty works of this type during almost the full length of his creative career. The dissertation examines this particular side of Vivaldi’s activity, starting with an examination of the concerto in Rome, Bologna, and Venice at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The aspects investigated include the ‘conceptual’ origins of the double concerto for two violins in Vivaldi, the nature, distribution and interrelationship of their sources (particular attention being given to compositional revisions in the autograph manuscripts) and an analysis of the works themselves that takes in form, tonal structure, technical-instrumental character and performance practice. The concertos that have come down in particularly problematic non-autograph sources are discussed in detail and presented in critical editions. A reconstruction is offered of the two works (RV 520 and 526) that have survived only in incomplete form, lacking the part of the first soloist. The concertos for two violins composed in Germany by Telemann and J. S. Bach, the contemporaries of Vivaldi who paid greatest attention to the double concerto genre, are then described and analysed. The thesis ends with a complete list of modern editions of Vivaldi’s concertos for two violins and a select discography.
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Il progetto propone uno studio per verificare la fattibilita' di un piano territoriale (ideato per il bacino del Po ma di fatto estendibile a tutti i bacini fluviali) per la creazione di una filiera di colture bioenergetiche (biomasse) che, trasportate per mezzo della navigazione fluviale (uno dei mezzi di trasporto a minore emissione di CO2), alimentino una o piu' centrali a nuova tecnologia che associno alla produzione di calore (teleriscaldamento e raffreddamento) e di energia la separazione dei fumi. La CO2 catturata dalla crescita delle biomasse e recuperata dalla combustione, puo' quindi essere segregata nel sottosuolo di aree costiere subsidenti contrastando il fenomeno dellâabbassamento del suolo. Ricavando benefici in tutti i passaggi di attuazione del piano territoriale (lancio dell'agricoltura bioenergetica, rilancio della navigazione a corrente libera, avvio di una economia legata alla logistica del trasporto e dello stoccaggio delle biomasse, generazione di energia pulita, lotta alla subsidenza) il progetto, di fatto, consente di catturare ingenti quantitativi di CO2 dall'atmosfera e di segregarli nel sottosuolo, riducendo l'effetto serra. Nel corso del Dottorato e' stata sviluppata una metodologia di valutazione della sostenibilita' economica ed ambientale del progetto ad un bacino fluviale, che consta di una modulistica di raccolta dei dati di base e di una procedura informatizzata di analisi.
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The work undertaken in this PhD thesis is aimed at the development and testing of an innovative methodology for the assessment of the vulnerability of coastal areas to marine catastrophic inundation (tsunami). Different approaches are used at different spatial scales and are applied to three different study areas: 1. The entire western coast of Thailand 2. Two selected coastal suburbs of Sydney – Australia 3. The Aeolian Islands, in the South Tyrrhenian Sea – Italy I have discussed each of these cases study in at least one scientific paper: one paper about the Thailand case study (Dall’Osso et al., in review-b), three papers about the Sydney applications (Dall’Osso et al., 2009a; Dall’Osso et al., 2009b; Dall’Osso and Dominey-Howes, in review) and one last paper about the work at the Aeolian Islands (Dall’Osso et al., in review-a). These publications represent the core of the present PhD thesis. The main topics dealt with are outlined and discussed in a general introduction while the overall conclusions are outlined in the last section.
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Negli ultimi decenni il concetto di variabile latente ha riscosso un enorme successo nelle discipline statistiche come attestano i numerosi lavori scientifici presenti in letteratura. In particolare, nelle scienze sociali e in psicometria, l’uso del concetto di variabile latente è stato largamente adottato per far fronte al problema di misurare quantità che, in natura, non possono essere direttamente osservate. La vasta letteratura riguardante questa metodologia si espande, in maniera più limitata, anche al campo della ricerca economica ed econometrica. Nonostante esistano studi di modelli a struttura latente applicati a variabili di tipo economico, molto pochi sono i lavori che considerano variabili finanziarie e, finora, praticamente nessun ricercatore ha messo in connessione la teoria standard di portafoglio con la metodologia dei modelli statistici a variabili latenti. L’obiettivo del lavoro è quello di ricorrere alle potenzialità esplicative ed investigative dei metodi statistici a variabili latenti per l’analisi dei fenomeni finanziari. Si fa riferimento, in particolare, ai modelli a classe latente che consentono di sviluppare soluzioni metodologicamente corrette per importanti problemi ancora aperti in campo finanziario. In primo luogo, la natura stessa delle variabili finanziarie è riconducibile al paradigma delle variabili latenti. Infatti, variabili come il rischio ed il rendimento atteso non possono essere misurate direttamente e necessitano di approssimazioni per valutarne l’entità. Tuttavia, trascurare la natura non osservabile delle variabili finanziarie può portare a decisioni di investimento inopportune o, talvolta, addirittura disastrose. Secondariamente, vengono prese in considerazione le capacità dei modelli a classi latenti nel contesto della classificazione. Per i prodotti finanziari, infatti, una corretta classificazione sulla base del profilo (latente) di rischio e rendimento rappresenta il presupposto indispensabile per poter sviluppare efficaci strategie di investimento. Ci si propone, inoltre, di sviluppare un collegamento, finora mancante, tra uno dei principali riferimenti della finanza moderna, la teoria classica del portafoglio di Markowitz, e la metodologia statistica dei modelli a variabili latenti. In questo contesto, si vogliono investigare, in particolare, i benefici che i modelli a variabili latenti possono dare allo studio di ottimizzazione del profilo rischio - rendimento atteso di un portafoglio di attività finanziarie. Lo sviluppo di numeri indici dei prezzi delle attività finanziarie caratterizzati da una solida base metodologica rappresenta un ulteriore aspetto nel quale i modelli a classe latente possono svolgere un ruolo di fondamentale importanza. In particolare, si propone di analizzare il contesto dei numeri indici dei prezzi settoriali, che costituiscono uno dei riferimenti più importanti nelle strategie di diversificazione del rischio. Infine, il passaggio da una specificazione statica ad una analisi dinamica coglie aspetti metodologici di frontiera che possono essere investigati nell’ambito dei modelli markoviani a classi latenti. Il profilo latente di rischio – rendimento può essere, così, investigato in riferimento alle diverse fasi dei mercati finanziari, per le quali le probabilità di transizione consentono valutazioni di tipo previsivo di forte interesse.
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In this PhD-thesis new synthetic approaches towards new azetidinone derivatives are described. In particular, 4-alkyliden-β-lactams were used as starting materials for the preparation of new biologically active compounds. The carbapenem Thienamycin has got a broad spectrum of activity as antibiotic. It has got 3 stereocenters and apart of one epimer, all isomers have been synthesized. Using the 4-alkyliden-β-lactam benzilyc ester as precursor, we developed a synthesis for this missing epimer, which is described in chapter II. Biological tests in order to establish its biological activity are under way. The Hunsdiecker-Borodine reaction was extensively studied for the preparation of the mono halogenated and – surprisingly – the dihalogenated derivative from the 4-alkyliden-azetidinone carboxylic acid. The herein described synthetic procedures allowed the preparation of chloro-, bromo- and iodo derivatives in good to excellent yield. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism was investigated by NMR-experiments and is described in detail in chapter III. In chapter IV, synthetic approaches towards new β-lactam derivatives for inhibition of the histone deacetylase enzymes (HDACs) are reported. In collaboration with the company Sigma-Tau (Rome), 14 new β-lactams were synthesized. The new β-lactams were evaluated for the activity showing a promising activityparticulary, 10 of the β-lactams synthesized were evaluated for the in vitro inhibitory activity against the 11 human HDACs isoforms and they showed a selective inhibition of HDAC6 or HDAC8 in micromolar range. Finally, preliminary studies were conducted for the employment of 4-alkyliden-β-lactams as precursors for the synthesis of chiral β-amino acids by an opening of the β-lactam ring. In chapter V is described the ring opening reaction catalyzed by the enzyme lipase Cal-B. Preliminary results have shown that the enzyme not only catalyzes the ring opening of the β-lactam precursor, moreover, it leads to the formation of a cyclic dimer by the reaction of two molecules of β-amino acid obtained.
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Data coming out from various researches carried out over the last years in Italy on the problem of school dispersion in secondary school show that difficulty in studying mathematics is one of the most frequent reasons of discomfort reported by students. Nevertheless, it is definitely unrealistic to think we can do without such knowledge in today society: mathematics is largely taught in secondary school and it is not confined within technical-scientific courses only. It is reasonable to say that, although students may choose academic courses that are, apparently, far away from mathematics, all students will have to come to terms, sooner or later in their life, with this subject. Among the reasons of discomfort given by the study of mathematics, some mention the very nature of this subject and in particular the complex symbolic language through which it is expressed. In fact, mathematics is a multimodal system composed by oral and written verbal texts, symbol expressions, such as formulae and equations, figures and graphs. For this, the study of mathematics represents a real challenge to those who suffer from dyslexia: this is a constitutional condition limiting people performances in relation to the activities of reading and writing and, in particular, to the study of mathematical contents. Here the difficulties in working with verbal and symbolic codes entail, in turn, difficulties in the comprehension of texts from which to deduce operations that, once combined together, would lead to the problem final solution. Information technologies may support this learning disorder effectively. However, these tools have some implementation limits, restricting their use in the study of scientific subjects. Vocal synthesis word processors are currently used to compensate difficulties in reading within the area of classical studies, but they are not used within the area of mathematics. This is because the vocal synthesis (or we should say the screen reader supporting it) is not able to interpret all that is not textual, such as symbols, images and graphs. The DISMATH software, which is the subject of this project, would allow dyslexic users to read technical-scientific documents with the help of a vocal synthesis, to understand the spatial structure of formulae and matrixes, to write documents with a technical-scientific content in a format that is compatible with main scientific editors. The system uses LaTex, a text mathematic language, as mediation system. It is set up as LaTex editor, whose graphic interface, in line with main commercial products, offers some additional specific functions with the capability to support the needs of users who are not able to manage verbal and symbolic codes on their own. LaTex is translated in real time into a standard symbolic language and it is read by vocal synthesis in natural language, in order to increase, through the bimodal representation, the ability to process information. The understanding of the mathematic formula through its reading is made possible by the deconstruction of the formula itself and its “tree” representation, so allowing to identify the logical elements composing it. Users, even without knowing LaTex language, are able to write whatever scientific document they need: in fact the symbolic elements are recalled by proper menus and automatically translated by the software managing the correct syntax. The final aim of the project, therefore, is to implement an editor enabling dyslexic people (but not only them) to manage mathematic formulae effectively, through the integration of different software tools, so allowing a better teacher/learner interaction too.