Sviluppo di tecniche di analisi ifenate per la quantificazione di biomarcatori di esposizione a tossici ambientali: gli acidi mercapturici

Human biomonitoring (HBM) is an ideal tool for evaluating toxicant exposure in health risk assessment. Chemical substances or their metabolites related to environmental pollutants can be detected as biomarkers of exposure using a wide variety of biological fluids. Individual exposure to aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (benzene, toluene, and o-xylene –“BTX”) were analysed with a liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (μHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantitative detection of the BTX exposure biomarker SPMA, SBMA and o-MBMA in human urine. Urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) is a biomarker proposed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) for assessing occupational exposure to benzene (Biological Exposure Index of 25 microg/g creatinine). Urinary S-benzylmercapturic (SBMA) and o-methyl S-benzyl mercapturic acid (o-MBMA) are specific toluene and o-xylene metabolites of glutathione detoxicant pathways, proposed as reliable biomarkers of exposure. To this aim a pre-treatment of the urine with solid phase extraction (SPE) and an evaporation step were necessary to concentrate the mercapturic acids before instrumental analysis. A liquid chromatography separation was carried out with a reversed phase capillary column (Synergi 4u Max-RP) using a binary gradient composed of an acquous solution of formic acid 0.07% v/v and methanol. The mercapturic acids were determinated by negative-ion-mass spectrometry and the data were corrected using isotope-labelled analogs as internal standards. The analytical method follows U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidance and was applied to assess exposure to BTX in a group of 396 traffic wardens. The association between biomarker results and individual factors, such as age, sex and tobacco smoke were also investigated. The present work also included improvements in the methods used by modifying various chromatographic parameters and experimental procedures. A partial validation was conducted to evaluate LOD, precision, accuracy, recovery as well as matrix effects. Higher sensitivity will be possible in future biological monitoring programmes, allowing evaluation of very low level of BTX human exposure. Keywords: Human biomonitoring, aromatic hydrocarbons, biomarker of exposure, HPLC-MS/MS.

L'impiego del modello di Rash per la valutazione della soddisfazione del paziente nell'ambito delle strutture sanitarie di ricovero

Hospitals and health service providers are use to collect data about patient’s opinion to improve patient health status and communication with them and to upgrade the management and the organization of the health service provided. A lot of survey are carry out for this purpose and several questionnaire are built to measure patient satisfaction. In particular patient satisfaction is a way to describe and assess the level of hospital service from the patient’s point of view. It is a cognitive and an emotional response to the hospital experience. Methodologically patient satisfaction is defined as a multidimensional latent variable. To assess patient satisfaction Item Response Theory has greater advantages compared to Classical Test Theory. Rasch model is a one-parameter model which belongs to Item Response Theory. Rasch model yield objective measure of the construct that are independent of the set of people interviewed and of set of items used. Rasch estimates are continuous and can be useful to “calibrate” the scale of the latent trait. This research attempt to investigate the questionnaire currently adopted to measure patient satisfaction in an Italian hospital, completed by a large sample of 3390 patients. We verify the multidimensional nature of the variable, the properties of the instrument and the level of satisfaction in the hospital. Successively we used Rasch estimates to describe the most satisfied and the less satisfied patients.

Tecniche di elaborazione di dati macrosismici per la definizione di sorgenti sismogenetiche

La valutazione dell’intensità secondo una procedura formale trasparente, obiettiva e che permetta di ottenere valori numerici attraverso scelte e criteri rigorosi, rappresenta un passo ed un obiettivo per la trattazione e l’impiego delle informazioni macrosismiche. I dati macrosismici possono infatti avere importanti applicazioni per analisi sismotettoniche e per la stima della pericolosità sismica. Questa tesi ha affrontato il problema del formalismo della stima dell’intensità migliorando aspetti sia teorici che pratici attraverso tre passaggi fondamentali sviluppati in ambiente MS-Excel e Matlab: i) la raccolta e l’archiviazione del dataset macrosismico; ii), l’associazione (funzione di appartenenza o membership function) tra effetti e gradi di intensità della scala macrosismica attraverso i principi della logica dei fuzzy sets; iii) l’applicazione di algoritmi decisionali rigorosi ed obiettivi per la stima dell’intensità finale. L’intera procedura è stata applicata a sette terremoti italiani sfruttando varie possibilità, anche metodologiche, come la costruzione di funzioni di appartenenza combinando le informazioni macrosismiche di più terremoti: Monte Baldo (1876), Valle d’Illasi (1891), Marsica (1915), Santa Sofia (1918), Mugello (1919), Garfagnana (1920) e Irpinia (1930). I risultati ottenuti hanno fornito un buon accordo statistico con le intensità di un catalogo macrosismico di riferimento confermando la validità dell’intera metodologia. Le intensità ricavate sono state poi utilizzate per analisi sismotettoniche nelle aree dei terremoti studiati. I metodi di analisi statistica sui piani quotati (distribuzione geografica delle intensità assegnate) si sono rivelate in passato uno strumento potente per analisi e caratterizzazione sismotettonica, determinando i principali parametri (localizzazione epicentrale, lunghezza, larghezza, orientazione) della possibile sorgente sismogenica. Questa tesi ha implementato alcuni aspetti delle metodologie di analisi grazie a specifiche applicazioni sviluppate in Matlab che hanno permesso anche di stimare le incertezze associate ai parametri di sorgente, grazie a tecniche di ricampionamento statistico. Un’analisi sistematica per i terremoti studiati è stata portata avanti combinando i vari metodi per la stima dei parametri di sorgente con i piani quotati originali e ricalcolati attraverso le procedure decisionali fuzzy. I risultati ottenuti hanno consentito di valutare le caratteristiche delle possibili sorgenti e formulare ipotesi di natura sismotettonica che hanno avuto alcuni riscontri indiziali con dati di tipo geologico e geologico-strutturale. Alcuni eventi (1915, 1918, 1920) presentano una forte stabilità dei parametri calcolati (localizzazione epicentrale e geometria della possibile sorgente) con piccole incertezze associate. Altri eventi (1891, 1919 e 1930) hanno invece mostrato una maggiore variabilità sia nella localizzazione dell’epicentro che nella geometria delle box: per il primo evento ciò è probabilmente da mettere in relazione con la ridotta consistenza del dataset di intensità mentre per gli altri con la possibile molteplicità delle sorgenti sismogenetiche. Anche l’analisi bootstrap ha messo in evidenza, in alcuni casi, le possibili asimmetrie nelle distribuzioni di alcuni parametri (ad es. l’azimut della possibile struttura), che potrebbero suggerire meccanismi di rottura su più faglie distinte.

Integrazione di tecnologie non distruttive per la caratterizzazione di rocce ornamentali

ABSTRACT: The dimension stone qualification through the use of non-destructive tests (NDT) is a relevant research topic for the industrial characterisation of finite products, because the competition of low-costs products can be sustained by an offer of highqualification and a top-guarantee products. The synthesis of potentialities offered by the NDT is the qualification and guarantee similar to the well known agro-industrial PDO, Protected Denomination of Origin. In fact it is possible to guarantee both, the origin and the quality of each stone product element, even through a Factory Production Control on line. A specific disciplinary is needed. A research developed at DICMA-Univ. Bologna in the frame of the “OSMATER” INTERREG project, allowed identifying good correlations between destructive and non-destructive tests for some types of materials from Verbano-Cusio-Ossola region. For example non conventional ultrasonic tests, image analysis parameters, water absorption and other measurements showed to be well correlated with the bending resistance, by relationships varying for each product. In conclusion it has been demonstrated that a nondestructive approach allows reaching several goals, among the most important: 1) the identification of materials; 2) the selection of products; 3) the substitution of DT by NDT. Now it is necessary to move from a research phase to the industrial implementation, as well as to develop new ND technologies focused on specific aims.

Il cane come modello animale spontaneo di patologie neoplastiche dell'uomo: ene Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Nnella predisposizione al cancro ed importanza dei riarrangimanti genici dei geni Ig/TCR per la diagnosi e prognosi delle malattie linfoproliferative

“Naturally occurring cancers in pet dogs and humans share many features, including histological appearance, tumour genetics, molecular targets, biological behaviour and response to conventional therapies. Studying dogs with cancer is likely to provide a valuable perspective that is distinct from that generated by the study of human or rodent cancers alone. The value of this opportunity has been increasingly recognized in the field of cancer research for the identification of cancer-associated genes, the study of environmental risk factors, understanding tumour biology and progression, and, perhaps most importantly, the evaluation and development of novel cancer therapeutics”.(Paoloni and Khanna, 2008) In last years, the author has investigated some molecular features of cancer in dogs. The Thesis is articulated in two main sections. In section 1, the preliminary results of a research project aimed at investigating the role of somatic mutations of Ataxia-Telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene in predisposing to cancer in boxer dogs, are presented. The canine boxer breed may be considered an unique opportunity to disclose the role of ATM somatic mutation since boxer dogs are known to be dramatically susceptible to cancer and since they may be considered a closed gene pool. Furthermore, dogs share with human the some environment. Overall, the abovementioned features could be considered extremely useful for our purposes. In the section 2, the results of our studies aimed at setting up accurate and sensitive molecular assays for diagnosing and assessing minimal residual disease in lymphoproliferative disorders of dogs, are presented. The results of those molecular assay may be directly translated in the field of Veterinary practice as well as the may be used to improve our objective evaluation of new investigational drugs effectiveness in canine cancer trials.

La gestione dell'acqua come oggetto d'indagine per la ricostruzione delle dinamiche insediamentali e delle trasformazioni del territorio. Il caso di Samarcanda nella Media Valle dello Zeravshan (Uzbekistan)

The Project dealt with the development of settlement pattern and the irrigation system in Samarkand oasis. The main topic of the research is the dating of the Dargom canal, the main water supply of Samarkand in the ancient times as well as today. The Project provided a new hypothesis on the chronology of Dargom, dated back to the Early centuires of the Current Era, in relation with the different phases of the settlement patterns. The researches were carried out with several international teams and schoalrs belonging to several disciplines.

Sviluppo di metodi innovativi per la sintesi di nanoparticelle di interesse industriale

Among various nanoparticles, noble metal nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention due to their optical, catalytic and conducting properties. This work has been focused on the development of an innovative method of synthesis for the preparation of metal nanosuspensions of Au, Ag, Cu, in order to achieve stable sols, showing suitable features to allow an industrial scale up of the processes. The research was developed in collaboration with a company interested in the large scale production of the studied nanosuspensions. In order to develop a commercial process, high solid concentration, long time colloidal stability and particle size control, are required. Two synthesis routes, differing by the used solvents, have been implemented: polyol based and water based synthesis. In order to achieve a process intensification the microwave heating has been applied. As a result, colloidal nanosuspensions with suitable dimensions, good optical properties, very high solid content and good stability, have been synthesized by simple and environmental friendly methods. Particularly, due to some interesting results an optimized synthesis process has been patented. Both water and polyol based synthesis, developed in the presence of a reducing agent and of a chelating polymer, allowed to obtain particle size-control and colloidal stability by tuning the different parameters. Furthermore, it has been verified that microwave device, due to its rapid and homogeneous heating, provides some advantages over conventional method. In order to optimize the final suspensions properties, for each synthesis it has been studied the effect of different parameters (temperature, time, precursors concentrations, etc) and throughout a specific optimization action a right control on nucleation and growth processes has been achieved. The achieved nanoparticles were confirmed by XRD analysis to be the desired metal phases, even at the lowest synthesis temperatures. The particles showed a diameter, measured by STEM and dynamic light scattering technique (DLS), ranging from 10 to 60 nm. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was monitored by UV-VIS spectroscopy confirming its dependence by nanoparticles size and shape. Moreover the reaction yield has been assessed by ICP analysis performed on the unreacted metal cations. Finally, thermal conductivity and antibacterial activity characterizations of copper and silver sols respectively are now ongoing in order to check their application as nanofluid in heat transfer processes and as antibacterial agent.