Modulation Techniques for Multi-Phase Converters and Control Strategies for Multi-Phase Electric Drives

The ever-increasing spread of automation in industry puts the electrical engineer in a central role as a promoter of technological development in a sector such as the use of electricity, which is the basis of all the machinery and productive processes. Moreover the spread of drives for motor control and static converters with structures ever more complex, places the electrical engineer to face new challenges whose solution has as critical elements in the implementation of digital control techniques with the requirements of inexpensiveness and efficiency of the final product. The successfully application of solutions using non-conventional static converters awake an increasing interest in science and industry due to the promising opportunities. However, in the same time, new problems emerge whose solution is still under study and debate in the scientific community During the Ph.D. course several themes have been developed that, while obtaining the recent and growing interest of scientific community, have much space for the development of research activity and for industrial applications. The first area of research is related to the control of three phase induction motors with high dynamic performance and the sensorless control in the high speed range. The management of the operation of induction machine without position or speed sensors awakes interest in the industrial world due to the increased reliability and robustness of this solution combined with a lower cost of production and purchase of this technology compared to the others available in the market. During this dissertation control techniques will be proposed which are able to exploit the total dc link voltage and at the same time capable to exploit the maximum torque capability in whole speed range with good dynamic performance. The proposed solution preserves the simplicity of tuning of the regulators. Furthermore, in order to validate the effectiveness of presented solution, it is assessed in terms of performance and complexity and compared to two other algorithm presented in literature. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is also tested on induction motor drive fed by a matrix converter. Another important research area is connected to the development of technology for vehicular applications. In this field the dynamic performances and the low power consumption is one of most important goals for an effective algorithm. Towards this direction, a control scheme for induction motor that integrates within a coherent solution some of the features that are commonly required to an electric vehicle drive is presented. The main features of the proposed control scheme are the capability to exploit the maximum torque in the whole speed range, a weak dependence on the motor parameters, a good robustness against the variations of the dc-link voltage and, whenever possible, the maximum efficiency. The second part of this dissertation is dedicated to the multi-phase systems. This technology, in fact, is characterized by a number of issues worthy of investigation that make it competitive with other technologies already on the market. Multiphase systems, allow to redistribute power at a higher number of phases, thus making possible the construction of electronic converters which otherwise would be very difficult to achieve due to the limits of present power electronics. Multiphase drives have an intrinsic reliability given by the possibility that a fault of a phase, caused by the possible failure of a component of the converter, can be solved without inefficiency of the machine or application of a pulsating torque. The control of the magnetic field spatial harmonics in the air-gap with order higher than one allows to reduce torque noise and to obtain high torque density motor and multi-motor applications. In one of the next chapters a control scheme able to increase the motor torque by adding a third harmonic component to the air-gap magnetic field will be presented. Above the base speed the control system reduces the motor flux in such a way to ensure the maximum torque capability. The presented analysis considers the drive constrains and shows how these limits modify the motor performance. The multi-motor applications are described by a well-defined number of multiphase machines, having series connected stator windings, with an opportune permutation of the phases these machines can be independently controlled with a single multi-phase inverter. In this dissertation this solution will be presented and an electric drive consisting of two five-phase PM tubular actuators fed by a single five-phase inverter will be presented. Finally the modulation strategies for a multi-phase inverter will be illustrated. The problem of the space vector modulation of multiphase inverters with an odd number of phases is solved in different way. An algorithmic approach and a look-up table solution will be proposed. The inverter output voltage capability will be investigated, showing that the proposed modulation strategy is able to fully exploit the dc input voltage either in sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal operating conditions. All this aspects are considered in the next chapters. In particular, Chapter 1 summarizes the mathematical model of induction motor. The Chapter 2 is a brief state of art on three-phase inverter. Chapter 3 proposes a stator flux vector control for a three- phase induction machine and compares this solution with two other algorithms presented in literature. Furthermore, in the same chapter, a complete electric drive based on matrix converter is presented. In Chapter 4 a control strategy suitable for electric vehicles is illustrated. Chapter 5 describes the mathematical model of multi-phase induction machines whereas chapter 6 analyzes the multi-phase inverter and its modulation strategies. Chapter 7 discusses the minimization of the power losses in IGBT multi-phase inverters with carrier-based pulse width modulation. In Chapter 8 an extended stator flux vector control for a seven-phase induction motor is presented. Chapter 9 concerns the high torque density applications and in Chapter 10 different fault tolerant control strategies are analyzed. Finally, the last chapter presents a positioning multi-motor drive consisting of two PM tubular five-phase actuators fed by a single five-phase inverter.

Designing and Programming Organizational Infrastructures for Agents situated in Artifact-based Environments

Actual trends in software development are pushing the need to face a multiplicity of diverse activities and interaction styles characterizing complex and distributed application domains, in such a way that the resulting dynamics exhibits some grade of order, i.e. in terms of evolution of the system and desired equilibrium. Autonomous agents and Multiagent Systems are argued in literature as one of the most immediate approaches for describing such a kind of challenges. Actually, agent research seems to converge towards the definition of renewed abstraction tools aimed at better capturing the new demands of open systems. Besides agents, which are assumed as autonomous entities purposing a series of design objectives, Multiagent Systems account new notions as first-class entities, aimed, above all, at modeling institutional/organizational entities, placed for normative regulation, interaction and teamwork management, as well as environmental entities, placed as resources to further support and regulate agent work. The starting point of this thesis is recognizing that both organizations and environments can be rooted in a unifying perspective. Whereas recent research in agent systems seems to account a set of diverse approaches to specifically face with at least one aspect within the above mentioned, this work aims at proposing a unifying approach where both agents and their organizations can be straightforwardly situated in properly designed working environments. In this line, this work pursues reconciliation of environments with sociality, social interaction with environment based interaction, environmental resources with organizational functionalities with the aim to smoothly integrate the various aspects of complex and situated organizations in a coherent programming approach. Rooted in Agents and Artifacts (A&A) meta-model, which has been recently introduced both in the context of agent oriented software engineering and programming, the thesis promotes the notion of Embodied Organizations, characterized by computational infrastructures attaining a seamless integration between agents, organizations and environmental entities.

Stability, viscous dissipation and local thermal non-equilibrium in fluid saturated porous media

In this thesis, the field of study related to the stability analysis of fluid saturated porous media is investigated. In particular the contribution of the viscous heating to the onset of convective instability in the flow through ducts is analysed. In order to evaluate the contribution of the viscous dissipation, different geometries, different models describing the balance equations and different boundary conditions are used. Moreover, the local thermal non-equilibrium model is used to study the evolution of the temperature differences between the fluid and the solid matrix in a thermal boundary layer problem. On studying the onset of instability, different techniques for eigenvalue problems has been used. Analytical solutions, asymptotic analyses and numerical solutions by means of original and commercial codes are carried out.

Metodi statistici a variabili latenti per lo studio di fenomeni finanziari

Negli ultimi decenni il concetto di variabile latente ha riscosso un enorme successo nelle discipline statistiche come attestano i numerosi lavori scientifici presenti in letteratura. In particolare, nelle scienze sociali e in psicometria, l’uso del concetto di variabile latente è stato largamente adottato per far fronte al problema di misurare quantità che, in natura, non possono essere direttamente osservate. La vasta letteratura riguardante questa metodologia si espande, in maniera più limitata, anche al campo della ricerca economica ed econometrica. Nonostante esistano studi di modelli a struttura latente applicati a variabili di tipo economico, molto pochi sono i lavori che considerano variabili finanziarie e, finora, praticamente nessun ricercatore ha messo in connessione la teoria standard di portafoglio con la metodologia dei modelli statistici a variabili latenti. L’obiettivo del lavoro è quello di ricorrere alle potenzialità esplicative ed investigative dei metodi statistici a variabili latenti per l’analisi dei fenomeni finanziari. Si fa riferimento, in particolare, ai modelli a classe latente che consentono di sviluppare soluzioni metodologicamente corrette per importanti problemi ancora aperti in campo finanziario. In primo luogo, la natura stessa delle variabili finanziarie è riconducibile al paradigma delle variabili latenti. Infatti, variabili come il rischio ed il rendimento atteso non possono essere misurate direttamente e necessitano di approssimazioni per valutarne l’entità. Tuttavia, trascurare la natura non osservabile delle variabili finanziarie può portare a decisioni di investimento inopportune o, talvolta, addirittura disastrose. Secondariamente, vengono prese in considerazione le capacità dei modelli a classi latenti nel contesto della classificazione. Per i prodotti finanziari, infatti, una corretta classificazione sulla base del profilo (latente) di rischio e rendimento rappresenta il presupposto indispensabile per poter sviluppare efficaci strategie di investimento. Ci si propone, inoltre, di sviluppare un collegamento, finora mancante, tra uno dei principali riferimenti della finanza moderna, la teoria classica del portafoglio di Markowitz, e la metodologia statistica dei modelli a variabili latenti. In questo contesto, si vogliono investigare, in particolare, i benefici che i modelli a variabili latenti possono dare allo studio di ottimizzazione del profilo rischio - rendimento atteso di un portafoglio di attività finanziarie. Lo sviluppo di numeri indici dei prezzi delle attività finanziarie caratterizzati da una solida base metodologica rappresenta un ulteriore aspetto nel quale i modelli a classe latente possono svolgere un ruolo di fondamentale importanza. In particolare, si propone di analizzare il contesto dei numeri indici dei prezzi settoriali, che costituiscono uno dei riferimenti più importanti nelle strategie di diversificazione del rischio. Infine, il passaggio da una specificazione statica ad una analisi dinamica coglie aspetti metodologici di frontiera che possono essere investigati nell’ambito dei modelli markoviani a classi latenti. Il profilo latente di rischio – rendimento può essere, così, investigato in riferimento alle diverse fasi dei mercati finanziari, per le quali le probabilità di transizione consentono valutazioni di tipo previsivo di forte interesse.

Trasporto di materia in membrane polimeriche e nanocomposite per la separazione di gas

Membrane-based separation processes are acquiring, in the last years, an increasing importance because of their intrinsic energetic and environmental sustainability: some types of polymeric materials, showing adequate perm-selectivity features, appear rather suitable for these applications, because of their relatively low cost and easy processability. In this work have been studied two different types of polymeric membranes, in view of possible applications to the gas separation processes, i.e. Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) and high free volume glassy polymers. Since the early 90’s, it has been understood that the performances of polymeric materials in the field of gas separations show an upper bound in terms of permeability and selectivity: in particular, an increase of permeability is often accompanied by a decrease of selectivity and vice-versa, while several inorganic materials, like zeolites or silica derivates, can overcome this limitation. As a consequence, it has been developed the idea of dispersing inorganic particles in polymeric matrices, in order to obtain membranes with improved perm-selectivity features. In particular, dispersing fumed silica nanoparticles in high free volume glassy polymers improves in all the cases gases and vapours permeability, while the selectivity may either increase or decrease, depending upon material and gas mixture: that effect is due to the capacity of nanoparticles to disrupt the local chain packing, increasing the dimensions of excess free volume elements trapped in the polymer matrix. In this work different kinds of MMMs were fabricated using amorphous Teflon® AF or PTMSP and fumed silica: in all the cases, a considerable increase of solubility, diffusivity and permeability of gases and vapours (n-alkanes, CO2, methanol) was observed, while the selectivity shows a non-monotonous trend with filler fraction. Moreover, the classical models for composites are not able to capture the increase of transport properties due to the silica addition, so it has been necessary to develop and validate an appropriate thermodynamic model that allows to predict correctly the mass transport features of MMMs. In this work, another material, called poly-trimethylsilyl-norbornene (PTMSN) was examined: it is a new generation high free volume glassy polymer that, like PTMSP, shows unusual high permeability and selectivity levels to the more condensable vapours. These two polymer differ each other because PTMSN shows a more pronounced chemical stability, due to its structure double-bond free. For this polymer, a set of Lattice Fluid parameters was estimated, making possible a comparison between experimental and theoretical solubility isotherms for hydrocarbons and alcoholic vapours: the successfully modelling task, based on application of NELF model, offers a reliable alternative to direct sorption measurement, which is extremely time-consuming due to the relevant relaxation phenomena showed by each sorption step. For this material also dilation experiments were performed, in order to quantify its dimensional stability in presence of large size, swelling vapours.

An New Energetic Approach to the Modeling of Human Joint Kinematics: Application to the Ankle

The objective of this dissertation is to develop and test a predictive model for the passive kinematics of human joints based on the energy minimization principle. To pursue this goal, the tibio-talar joint is chosen as a reference joint, for the reduced number of bones involved and its simplicity, if compared with other sinovial joints such as the knee or the wrist. Starting from the knowledge of the articular surface shapes, the spatial trajectory of passive motion is obtained as the envelop of joint configurations that maximize the surfaces congruence. An increase in joint congruence corresponds to an improved capability of distributing an applied load, allowing the joint to attain a better strength with less material. Thus, joint congruence maximization is a simple geometric way to capture the idea of joint energy minimization. The results obtained are validated against in vitro measured trajectories. Preliminary comparison provide strong support for the predictions of the theoretical model.

Profili critici in materia di transnational group action

La presente tesi di dottorato ha ad oggetto l’analisi dei profili critici emersi nella prassi in relazione alle transnational damages group actions. All’interno di tale esteso ambito di ricerca, senza pretese di esaustività, si affronteranno determinati aspetti, tenendo in considerazione quanto accaduto negli ordinamenti che, sebbene in modo assai limitato, hanno già conosciuto tali problematiche. A seguito di una prima parte meramente introduttiva, nel secondo capitolo, si inquadreranno brevemente gli strumenti di tutela collettiva risarcitoria, indicando in che cosa consistano, a quali esigenze rispondano e quale origine abbiano; si indicheranno altresì i criteri distintivi e di classificazione che maggiormente possono rilevare nell’ottica di una cross border litigation. Nel terzo capitolo si analizzerà in termini essenziali la disciplina delle azioni collettive di alcuni Paesi, al fine di porre le basi necessarie per comprendere in quale contesto normativo si pongano le problematiche inerenti alle multi-jurisdictional collective redress actions. Nel quarto capitolo, si prenderà in considerazione la dimensione transnazionale delle azioni collettive, tenendo presenti le categorie e le regole affermatesi nel diritto internazionale privato e processuale e, soprattutto, quelle esistenti nell’ordinamento italiano e comunitario. Si individueranno poi gli obiettivi prioritari che si deve porre il giudice richiesto di giudicare sull’azione collettiva nella necessità di rendere una pronuncia o approvare una transazione che, da un lato, sia riconosciuta ed eseguita nei Paesi in cui dovrà essere riconosciuta ed eseguita e che, dall’altro lato, in ipotesi di opt out procedure, precluda ai soggetti che la pronuncia o la transazione dovrebbe vincolare successive azioni individuali e/o collettive in altri Paesi. Nel quinto capitolo, alla luce dei dati indicati nel terzo capitolo e delle considerazioni effettuate nel quarto capitolo, si analizzeranno alcuni dei profili critici posti dalla dimensione transnazionale delle azioni collettive; a tal fine, la trattazione verrà suddivisa in diversi punti che, pur essendo necessariamente connessi tra loro, nella loro individualità riescano ad evidenziare l’importanza e la centralità di determinate questioni. Peraltro, nell’intento di rispondere in modo adeguato alle problematiche analizzate, si indicheranno alcune delle soluzioni sperimentate dalla pratica giudiziaria o proposte dalla recente letteratura sul tema. Seguirà, infine, un ultimo capitolo contenente le osservazioni conclusive sugli esiti del lavoro.

Hybrid Methods for Resource Allocation and Scheduling Problems in Deterministic and Stochastic Environments

This work presents exact, hybrid algorithms for mixed resource Allocation and Scheduling problems; in general terms, those consist into assigning over time finite capacity resources to a set of precedence connected activities. The proposed methods have broad applicability, but are mainly motivated by applications in the field of Embedded System Design. In particular, high-performance embedded computing recently witnessed the shift from single CPU platforms with application-specific accelerators to programmable Multi Processor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs). Those allow higher flexibility, real time performance and low energy consumption, but the programmer must be able to effectively exploit the platform parallelism. This raises interest in the development of algorithmic techniques to be embedded in CAD tools; in particular, given a specific application and platform, the objective if to perform optimal allocation of hardware resources and to compute an execution schedule. On this regard, since embedded systems tend to run the same set of applications for their entire lifetime, off-line, exact optimization approaches are particularly appealing. Quite surprisingly, the use of exact algorithms has not been well investigated so far; this is in part motivated by the complexity of integrated allocation and scheduling, setting tough challenges for ``pure'' combinatorial methods. The use of hybrid CP/OR approaches presents the opportunity to exploit mutual advantages of different methods, while compensating for their weaknesses. In this work, we consider in first instance an Allocation and Scheduling problem over the Cell BE processor by Sony, IBM and Toshiba; we propose three different solution methods, leveraging decomposition, cut generation and heuristic guided search. Next, we face Allocation and Scheduling of so-called Conditional Task Graphs, explicitly accounting for branches with outcome not known at design time; we extend the CP scheduling framework to effectively deal with the introduced stochastic elements. Finally, we address Allocation and Scheduling with uncertain, bounded execution times, via conflict based tree search; we introduce a simple and flexible time model to take into account duration variability and provide an efficient conflict detection method. The proposed approaches achieve good results on practical size problem, thus demonstrating the use of exact approaches for system design is feasible. Furthermore, the developed techniques bring significant contributions to combinatorial optimization methods.

Sistemi riconfigurabili a basso consumo per applicazioni di monitoraggio distribuito

The term Ambient Intelligence (AmI) refers to a vision on the future of the information society where smart, electronic environment are sensitive and responsive to the presence of people and their activities (Context awareness). In an ambient intelligence world, devices work in concert to support people in carrying out their everyday life activities, tasks and rituals in an easy, natural way using information and intelligence that is hidden in the network connecting these devices. This promotes the creation of pervasive environments improving the quality of life of the occupants and enhancing the human experience. AmI stems from the convergence of three key technologies: ubiquitous computing, ubiquitous communication and natural interfaces. Ambient intelligent systems are heterogeneous and require an excellent cooperation between several hardware/software technologies and disciplines, including signal processing, networking and protocols, embedded systems, information management, and distributed algorithms. Since a large amount of fixed and mobile sensors embedded is deployed into the environment, the Wireless Sensor Networks is one of the most relevant enabling technologies for AmI. WSN are complex systems made up of a number of sensor nodes which can be deployed in a target area to sense physical phenomena and communicate with other nodes and base stations. These simple devices typically embed a low power computational unit (microcontrollers, FPGAs etc.), a wireless communication unit, one or more sensors and a some form of energy supply (either batteries or energy scavenger modules). WNS promises of revolutionizing the interactions between the real physical worlds and human beings. Low-cost, low-computational power, low energy consumption and small size are characteristics that must be taken into consideration when designing and dealing with WSNs. To fully exploit the potential of distributed sensing approaches, a set of challengesmust be addressed. Sensor nodes are inherently resource-constrained systems with very low power consumption and small size requirements which enables than to reduce the interference on the physical phenomena sensed and to allow easy and low-cost deployment. They have limited processing speed,storage capacity and communication bandwidth that must be efficiently used to increase the degree of local ”understanding” of the observed phenomena. A particular case of sensor nodes are video sensors. This topic holds strong interest for a wide range of contexts such as military, security, robotics and most recently consumer applications. Vision sensors are extremely effective for medium to long-range sensing because vision provides rich information to human operators. However, image sensors generate a huge amount of data, whichmust be heavily processed before it is transmitted due to the scarce bandwidth capability of radio interfaces. In particular, in video-surveillance, it has been shown that source-side compression is mandatory due to limited bandwidth and delay constraints. Moreover, there is an ample opportunity for performing higher-level processing functions, such as object recognition that has the potential to drastically reduce the required bandwidth (e.g. by transmitting compressed images only when something ‘interesting‘ is detected). The energy cost of image processing must however be carefully minimized. Imaging could play and plays an important role in sensing devices for ambient intelligence. Computer vision can for instance be used for recognising persons and objects and recognising behaviour such as illness and rioting. Having a wireless camera as a camera mote opens the way for distributed scene analysis. More eyes see more than one and a camera system that can observe a scene from multiple directions would be able to overcome occlusion problems and could describe objects in their true 3D appearance. In real-time, these approaches are a recently opened field of research. In this thesis we pay attention to the realities of hardware/software technologies and the design needed to realize systems for distributed monitoring, attempting to propose solutions on open issues and filling the gap between AmI scenarios and hardware reality. The physical implementation of an individual wireless node is constrained by three important metrics which are outlined below. Despite that the design of the sensor network and its sensor nodes is strictly application dependent, a number of constraints should almost always be considered. Among them: • Small form factor to reduce nodes intrusiveness. • Low power consumption to reduce battery size and to extend nodes lifetime. • Low cost for a widespread diffusion. These limitations typically result in the adoption of low power, low cost devices such as low powermicrocontrollers with few kilobytes of RAMand tenth of kilobytes of program memory with whomonly simple data processing algorithms can be implemented. However the overall computational power of the WNS can be very large since the network presents a high degree of parallelism that can be exploited through the adoption of ad-hoc techniques. Furthermore through the fusion of information from the dense mesh of sensors even complex phenomena can be monitored. In this dissertation we present our results in building several AmI applications suitable for a WSN implementation. The work can be divided into two main areas:Low Power Video Sensor Node and Video Processing Alghoritm and Multimodal Surveillance . Low Power Video Sensor Nodes and Video Processing Alghoritms In comparison to scalar sensors, such as temperature, pressure, humidity, velocity, and acceleration sensors, vision sensors generate much higher bandwidth data due to the two-dimensional nature of their pixel array. We have tackled all the constraints listed above and have proposed solutions to overcome the current WSNlimits for Video sensor node. We have designed and developed wireless video sensor nodes focusing on the small size and the flexibility of reuse in different applications. The video nodes target a different design point: the portability (on-board power supply, wireless communication), a scanty power budget (500mW),while still providing a prominent level of intelligence, namely sophisticated classification algorithmand high level of reconfigurability. We developed two different video sensor node: The device architecture of the first one is based on a low-cost low-power FPGA+microcontroller system-on-chip. The second one is based on ARM9 processor. Both systems designed within the above mentioned power envelope could operate in a continuous fashion with Li-Polymer battery pack and solar panel. Novel low power low cost video sensor nodes which, in contrast to sensors that just watch the world, are capable of comprehending the perceived information in order to interpret it locally, are presented. Featuring such intelligence, these nodes would be able to cope with such tasks as recognition of unattended bags in airports, persons carrying potentially dangerous objects, etc.,which normally require a human operator. Vision algorithms for object detection, acquisition like human detection with Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification and abandoned/removed object detection are implemented, described and illustrated on real world data. Multimodal surveillance: In several setup the use of wired video cameras may not be possible. For this reason building an energy efficient wireless vision network for monitoring and surveillance is one of the major efforts in the sensor network community. Energy efficiency for wireless smart camera networks is one of the major efforts in distributed monitoring and surveillance community. For this reason, building an energy efficient wireless vision network for monitoring and surveillance is one of the major efforts in the sensor network community. The Pyroelectric Infra-Red (PIR) sensors have been used to extend the lifetime of a solar-powered video sensor node by providing an energy level dependent trigger to the video camera and the wireless module. Such approach has shown to be able to extend node lifetime and possibly result in continuous operation of the node.Being low-cost, passive (thus low-power) and presenting a limited form factor, PIR sensors are well suited for WSN applications. Moreover techniques to have aggressive power management policies are essential for achieving long-termoperating on standalone distributed cameras needed to improve the power consumption. We have used an adaptive controller like Model Predictive Control (MPC) to help the system to improve the performances outperforming naive power management policies.

Analisi numerica della combustione di gas a basso potere calorifico per applicazioni a microturbine a gas

Il presente lavoro si occupa dell’analisi numerica di combustione di gas a basso potere calorifico (gas di sintesi derivanti da pirolisi di biomasse). L’analisi è stata condotta su due principali geometrie di camera di combustione. La prima è un bruciatore sperimentale da laboratorio adatto allo studio delle proprietà di combustione del singas. Esso è introdotto in camera separatamente rispetto ad una corrente d’aria comburente al fine di realizzare una combustione non-premiscelata diffusiva in presenza di swirl. La seconda geometria presa in considerazione è la camera di combustione anulare installata sulla microturbina a gas Elliott TA 80 per la quale si dispone di un modello installato al banco al fine dell’esecuzione di prove sperimentali. I principali obbiettivi conseguiti nello studio sono stati la determinazione numerica del campo di moto a freddo su entrambe le geometrie per poi realizzare simulazioni in combustione mediante l’utilizzo di diversi modelli di combustione. In particolare è stato approfondito lo studio dei modelli steady laminar flamelet ed unsteady flamelet con cui sono state esaminate le distribuzioni di temperatura e delle grandezze tipiche di combustione in camera, confrontando i risultati numerici ottenuti con altri modelli di combustione (Eddy Dissipation ed ED-FR) e con i dati sperimentali a disposizione. Di importanza fondamentale è stata l’analisi delle emissioni inquinanti, realizzata per entrambe le geometrie, che mostra l’entità di tali emissioni e la loro tipologia. Relativamente a questo punto, il maggior interesse si sposta sui risultati ottenuti numericamente nel caso della microturbina, per la quale sono a disposizione misure di emissione ottenute sperimentalmente. Sempre per questa geometria è stato inoltre eseguito il confronto fra microturbina alimentata con singas a confronto con le prestazioni emissive ottenute con il gas naturale. Nel corso dei tre anni, l’esecuzione delle simulazioni e l’analisi critica dei risultati ha suggerito alcuni limiti e semplificazioni eseguite sulle griglie di calcolo realizzate per lo studio numerico. Al fine di eliminare o limitare le semplificazioni o le inesattezze, le geometrie dei combustori e le griglie di calcolo sono state migliorate ed ottimizzate. In merito alle simulazioni realizzate sulla geometria del combustore della microturbina Elliott TA 80 è stata condotta dapprima l’analisi numerica di combustione a pieno carico per poi analizzare le prestazioni ai carichi parziali. Il tutto appoggiandosi a tecniche di simulazione RANS ed ipotizzando alimentazioni a gas naturale e singas derivato da biomasse. Nell’ultimo anno di dottorato è stato dedicato tempo all’approfondimento e allo studio della tecnica Large Eddy Simulation per testarne una applicazione alla geometria del bruciatore sperimentale di laboratorio. In tale simulazione è stato implementato l’SGS model di Smagorinsky-Lilly completo di combustione con modelli flamelet. Dai risultati sono stati estrapolati i profili di temperatura a confronto con i risultati sperimentali e con i risultati RANS. Il tutto in diverse simulazioni a diverso valore del time-step imposto. L’analisi LES, per quanto migliorabile, ha fornito risultati sufficientemente precisi lasciando per il futuro la possibilità di approfondire nuovi modelli adatti all’applicazione diretta sulla MTG.

Il collegamento contrattuale, buona fede ed equilibrio tra i contratti

Il fenomeno del collegamento contrattuale prevede la presenza di due o più contratti, diversi e distinti, che, pur caratterizzati dagli elementi e dalla disciplina propri di ognuno, risultano coordinati teleologicamente da un nesso di reciproca dipendenza, in modo che le vicende dell’uno si trasmettono all’altro, influenzandone la validità e l’efficacia. Tale nozione è il frutto dell’elaborazione della dottrina e della giurisprudenza, poiché la disciplina positiva difetta di previsioni recanti la definizione di operazioni in cui si ricorra all’impiego di più contratti in vista di uno scopo economico unitario. Fra le molteplici classificazioni realizzate in relazione a tale strumento, la tipologia che è oggetto di analisi nel presente lavoro è espressione dell’autonomia contrattuale dei contraenti che istituiscono fra i negozi un nesso bilaterale, funzionale e volontario. I presupposti del fenomeno de quo sono, allora, rappresentati dalla necessaria intenzione delle parti di attuare il collegamento, del vincolo che viene creato in concreto e, soprattutto, dal fine pratico unitario ed ulteriore, che esse intendono perseguire coordinando i vari atti. Da qui, l’inquadramento di siffatta figura di collegamento nel fenomeno dell’atipicità contrattuale, frutto dell’attività creativa dei privati di autoregolamentazione dei propri interessi. Dottrina e giurisprudenza, in particolare, reputano il collegamento un meccanismo che agisce sul piano degli effetti dei contratti. Infatti, ogni negozio coinvolto, pur conservando una causa autonoma, è finalizzato ad un unico regolamento di interessi, di talché le vicende che investono uno dei negozi possono ripercuotersi sull’altro (che in sé considerato è immune da vizi) e, pertanto, tutti i contratti simul stabunt simul cadent. In definitiva, così opinando, le patologie che riguardano un atto finiscono per condizionare non solo l’esecuzione, ma anche la validità dell’altro. Successivamente, l’indagine si incentra sull’esegesi dei rari interventi normativi, quasi esclusivamente ascrivibili alla legislazione speciale, che trattano del meccanismo de quo e che si pongono nel solco di quanto affermato dagli interpreti. Muovendo, poi, dal presupposto che l’ordinamento riconosce ai contraenti il potere di dar vita ad autodeterminazioni strutturalmente semplici ovvero come in tal caso più articolate, si cerca di dimostrare che in tali fattispecie l’apprezzamento non va condotto sul singolo contratto, bensì sull’operazione economica unitariamente considerata, come risultante dal collegamento fra più contratti. Infatti, una volta accertata l’interdipendenza funzionale delle diverse prestazioni, l’analisi su di esse assume un rilievo diverso se è compiuta per valutare l’assetto complessivo dell’intera operazione giuridico-economica posta in essere dalle parti: solo a fronte di una valutazione globale dei diritti e degli obblighi, anche in termini economici, si può appurare la reale portata giuridico-economica dell’affare. In forza di tali premesse può, quindi, procedersi ad un compiuto approfondimento del possibile ruolo svolto dalle clausole generali di buona fede ed equilibrio, quali strumenti di garanzia della giustizia negli scambi. Ne consegue l’abbandono di una prospettiva atomistica e, tenendo conto dell’unicità degli interessi perseguiti che vanno oltre le cause proprie dei singoli contratti collegati, si tenta di superare l’assunto per il quale il difetto che inficia uno dei contratti comporti l’automatica caducazione dell’altro. In una visione complessiva dell’operazione, la verifica attinente all’equilibrio tra i singoli atti nei quali essa si svolge ed alla sua possibile alterazione a causa di circostanze sopravvenute o originarie potrebbe sovvertire le certezze interpretative sotto il profilo della disciplina del collegamento, degli effetti dello stesso e delle patologie.

Disponibilità degli effetti della risoluzione e reviviscenza del contratto

La ricerca sul tema “Disponibilità degli effetti della risoluzione e reviviscenza del contratto” analizza se, e come, gli effetti della risoluzione possano essere oggetto di disposizione ad opera delle parti. In particolare, se, ed in che modo, il contraente non inadempiente che abbia agito in risoluzione, in via giudiziale o stragiudiziale, possa incidere unilateralmente sulla sorte finale del vincolo contrattuale paralizzando l’effetto risolutivo già in atto attraverso una tardiva richiesta di adempimento. La questione della reversibilità dell’effetto risolutivo, che si è posta in forma paradigmatica nell’ambito della diffida ad adempiere, ha diviso dottrina e giurisprudenza per oltre trent’anni: laddove la giurisprudenza ha costantemente ammesso il creditore a recuperare il contratto risolto e a pretenderne ancora l’esecuzione, ritenendo che la risoluzione concreti un vantaggio unilaterale del creditore, da lui sempre liberamente disponibile, la dottrina ha optato per la irreversibilità dell’effetto risolutivo, in ossequio al principio di tutela dell’affidamento dell’inadempiente ad aver certezza sulla sorte finale del vincolo e a non rimanere esposto a tempo indefinito agli arbitri di controparte. Sono di recente intervenute le Sezioni Unite (Cass., sez. un., 14 gennaio 2009, n. 553), che, in direzione diametralmente opposta rispetto al granitico orientamento giurisprudenziale, hanno integralmente accolto i rilievi critici della dottrina ed escluso la disponibilità dell’effetto risolutivo derivante dallo spirare inutile del termine fissato in diffida, con ciò precludendo al contraente non inadempiente di tornare a esigere l’adempimento a risoluzione avvenuta.