43 resultados para Pérego, Gaetano.


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NGAL è considerato dalla comunità scientifica un marcatore di danno renale sia di tipo ischemico che tossico. In questo studio è stato effettuato un follow-up ad un mese di una popolazione sottoposta a trapianto di rene, sono state analizzate la fase post-operatoria e l’immediato periodo di stabilizzazione del trapianto. E' stato osservato l’andamento di NGAL in relazione alle principali variabili incidenti.

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Abstract Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensori-motor neurological disorder characterzed by paraesthesia, dysaesthesia and irresistibile urge to move the legs especially at night. Its prevalence is much higher among dialysis patients at 12 to 62% compared to 3 to 9% in the general population. In our study we investigated the association between RLS and cardiovascular events risk and laboratory parameters in End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients on dialysis. We studied 100 ESKD patients undergoing hemodialysis that were enrolled in an 18-months prospective observational study. The main outcomes were the association of RLS with new cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality. RLS affected 31% of the study population. It was associated with female gender, gradual reduction in residual dieresis, lower albumin (P=0.039) and inflammation, but not the dialysis parameters spKt/V and URR. During observation, 47% of patients experienced new cardiovascular events (64.5% with and 39.1% without RLS; P=0.019). Mortality was 20.0% in all patients, 32.3% in those with and 14.5% in patients without RLS (P=0.04). This study confirmed the high prevalence of RLS among dialysis patients and the associations between the severity of RLS and the risk of new cardiovascular events and higher short-term mortality. Abstract Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensori-motor neurological disorder characterzed by paraesthesia, dysaesthesia and irresistibile urge to move the legs especially at night. Its prevalence is much higher among dialysis patients at 12 to 62% compared to 3 to 9% in the general population. In our study we investigated the association between RLS and cardiovascular events risk and laboratory parameters in End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients on dialysis. We studied 100 ESKD patients undergoing hemodialysis that were enrolled in an 18-months prospective observational study. The main outcomes were the association of RLS with new cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality. RLS affected 31% of the study population. It was associated with female gender, gradual reduction in residual dieresis, lower albumin (P=0.039) and inflammation, but not the dialysis parameters spKt/V and URR. During observation, 47% of patients experienced new cardiovascular events (64.5% with and 39.1% without RLS; P=0.019). Mortality was 20.0% in all patients, 32.3% in those with and 14.5% in patients without RLS (P=0.04). This study confirmed the high prevalence of RLS among dialysis patients and the associations between the severity of RLS and the risk of new cardiovascular events and higher short-term mortality.

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Kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for the restoration of excretory and endocrine kidney function in patients with end-stage renal disease. The success of the transplant is linked to the genetic compatibility between donor and recipient, and upon progress in surgery and immunosuppressive therapy. Numerous studies have established the importance of innate immunity in transplantation tolerance, in particular natural killer (NK) cells represent a population of cells involved in defense against infectious agents and tumor cells. NK cells express on their surface the Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) which, by recognizing and binding to MHC class I antigens, prevent the killing of autologous cells. In solid organ transplantation context, and in particular the kidney, recent studies show some correlation between the incompatibility KIR / HLA and outcome of transplantation so as to represent an interesting perspective, especially as regards setting of immunosuppressive therapy. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess whether the incompatibility between recipient KIR receptors and HLA class I ligands of the donor could be a useful predictor in order to improve the survival of the transplanted kidney and also to select patients who might benefit of a reduced regimen. One hundred and thirteen renal transplant patients from 1999 to 2005 were enrolled. Genomic DNA was extracted for each of them and their donors and genotyping of HLA A, B, C and 14 KIR genes was carried out. Data analysis was conducted on two case-control studies: one aimed at assessing the outcome of acute rejection and the other to assess the long term transplant outcome. The results showed that two genes, KIR2DS1 and KIR3DS1, are associated with the development of acute rejection (p = 0.02 and p = 0.05, respectively). The presence of the KIR2DS3 gene is associated with a better performance of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (MDRD) over time (4 and 5 years after transplantation, p <0.05), while in the presence of ligand, the serum creatinine and MDRD trend seems to get worse in the long term. The analysis performed on the population, according to whether there was deterioration of renal function or not in the long term, showed that the absence of the KIR2DL1 gene is strongly associated with an increase of 20% of the creatinine value at 5 years, with a relative risk to having a greater creatinine level than the median 5-year equal to 2.7 95% (95% CI: 1.7788 - 2.6631). Finally, the presence of a kidney resulting negative for HLA-A3 / A11, compared to a positive result, in patients with KIR3DL2, showed a relative risk of having a serum creatinine above the median at 5 years after transplantation of 0.6609 (95% CI: 0.4529 -0.9643), suggesting a protective effect given to the absence of this ligand.

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The purpose of this thesis is to show that Vico had the constant aim, remained unaltered in time, to support the usefulness of Rhetoric. The awareness of the strength acquired by the “anti-rhetorical” movements, particularly by the Cartesians and the Logicians from Port-Royal, obliged Vico to elaborate some strategies and counter-moves that, little by little, became more and more complex and refined, till they inspired his main work, The New Science. By taking into consideration the most significant aspects of Vico’s speculation (topic, tropes, the formation of language, the development of human thought, the new conception of philology ), this work shows that they are part of a strategy worked out by the Neapolitan philosopher, in order to demonstrate the validity, the usefulness and the modernity of Rhetoric. Every aspect of Vico’s thought reaches its peak when Vico formulates his theory about myths, which he interprets as an expression of the primitive man’s necessities and demands. The point of view expressed by this doctorate thesis emphasizes that, despite the inevitable modifications that have taken place through the centuries, Vico’s thought keeps its substantial unity. So those subjects that critical literature tends to separate are, in reality, linked and unified.

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This thesis focuses on two aspects of European economic integration: exchange rate stabilization between non-euro Countries and the Euro Area, and real and nominal convergence of Central and Eastern European Countries. Each Chapter covers these aspects from both a theoretical and empirical perspective. Chapter 1 investigates whether the introduction of the euro was accompanied by a shift in the de facto exchange rate policy of European countries outside the euro area, using methods recently developed by the literature to detect "Fear of Floating" episodes. I find that European Inflation Targeters have tried to stabilize the euro exchange rate, after its introduction; fixed exchange rate arrangements, instead, apart from official policy changes, remained stable. Finally, the euro seems to have gained a relevant role as a reference currency even outside Europe. Chapter 2 proposes an approach to estimate Central Bank preferences starting from the Central Bank's optimization problem within a small open economy, using Sweden as a case study, to find whether stabilization of the exchange rate played a role in the Monetary Policy rule of the Riksbank. The results show that it did not influence interest rate setting; exchange rate stabilization probably occurred as a result of increased economic integration and business cycle convergence. Chapter 3 studies the interactions between wages in the public sector, the traded private sector and the closed sector in ten EU Transition Countries. The theoretical literature on wage spillovers suggests that the traded sector should be the leader in wage setting, with non-traded sectors wages adjusting. We show that large heterogeneity across countries is present, and sheltered and public sector wages are often leaders in wage determination. This result is relevant from a policy perspective since wage spillovers, leading to costs growing faster than productivity, may affect the international cost competitiveness of the traded sector.

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Non può dirsi ancora raggiunta una completa, appagante e condivisa definizione di criminalità organizzata: eppure tale concetto viene ampiamente utilizzato, entrando nel linguaggio comune e –soprattutto- in quello normativo e giurisprudenziale. Attraverso il susseguirsi di numerosi interventi legislativi, abbiamo assistito alla progressiva elaborazione del c.d. doppio binario: di una normativa, cioè, ad hoc per i reati di criminalità organizzata, caratterizzata da un rilevante arretramento delle ordinarie soglie di garanzia previste dall’ordinamento giuridico. Alla luce di prioritarie esigenze di legalità si giustifica l’impellente necessità di giungere alla elaborazione di una precisa definizione di criminalità organizzata. A tale fine, nel corso del presente lavoro, sono stati esaminati i principali approcci definitori individuati a livello socio-criminologico, giurisprudenziale ed in ambito normativo, con particolare attenzione al diritto penale e processual-penalistico; si è inoltre proceduto all’analisi delle principali definizioni riscontrabili a livello comunitario ed internazionale.

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Introduction. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) belongs to the family of lipocalins and it is produced by several cell types, including renal tubular epithelium. In the kidney its production increases during acute damage and this is reflected by the increase in serum and urine levels. In animal studies and clinical trials, NGAL was found to be a sensitive and specific indicator of acute kidney injury (AKI). Purpose. The aim of this work was to investigate, in a prospective manner, whether urine NGAL can be used as a marker in preeclampsia, kidney transplantation, VLBI and diabetic nephropathy. Materials and methods. The study involved 44 consecutive patients who received renal transplantation; 18 women affected by preeclampsia (PE); a total of 55 infants weighing ≤1500 g and 80 patients with Type 1 diabetes. Results. A positive correlation was found between urinary NGAL and 24 hours proteinuria within the PE group. The detection of higher uNGAL values in case of severe PE, even in absence of statistical significance, confirms that these women suffer from an initial renal damage. In our population of VLBW infants, we found a positive correlation of uNGAL values at birth with differences in sCreat and eGFR values from birth to day 21, but no correlation was found between uNGAL values at birth and sCreat and eGFR at day 7. systolic an diastolic blood pressure decreased with increasing levels of uNGAL. The patients with uNGAL <25 ng/ml had significantly higher levels of systolic blood pressure compared with the patients with uNGAL >50 ng/ml ( p<0.005). Our results indicate the ability of NGAL to predict the delay in functional recovery of the graft. Conclusions. In acute renal pathology, urinary NGAL confirms to be a valuable predictive marker of the progress and status of acute injury.

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L’anticoagulazione regionale con citrato (RCA) è una valida opzione in pazienti ad alto rischio emorragico. Lo scopo del nostro studio è stato di valutare, in pazienti critici sottoposti a CRRT per insufficienza renale acuta post-cardiochirurgica, efficacia e sicurezza di un protocollo di RCA in CVVH con l’impiego di una soluzione di citrato a bassa concentrazione (12mmol/L). Metodi: L’RCA-CVVH è stata adottata come alternativa all’eparina o alla CRRT senza anticoagulante (no-AC). Criteri per lo switch verso l’RCA: coagulazione dei circuiti entro 24h o complicanze legate all’eparina. Per facilitare l’impostazione dei parametri CVVH, abbiamo sviluppato un modello matematico per stimare il carico metabolico di citrato e la perdita di calcio. Risultati: In 36 mesi, sono stati sottoposti a RCA-CVVH 30 pazienti. La durata dei circuiti con RCA (50.5 ± 35.8 h, mediana 41, 146 circuiti) è risultata significativamente maggiore (p<0.0001) rispetto all’eparina (29.2±22.7 h, mediana 22, 69 circuiti) o alla no-AC CRRT (24.7±20.6 h, mediana 20, 74 circuiti). Il numero di circuiti funzionanti a 24, 48, 72 h è risultato maggiore durante RCA (p<0.0001). I target di Ca++ sistemico e del circuito sono stati facilmente mantenuti (1.18±0.13 e 0.37±0.09 mmol/L). Durante l’RCA-CVVH nessun paziente ha avuto complicanze emorragiche e il fabbisogno trasfusionale si è ridotto rispetto alle altre modalità (0.29 vs 0.69 unità/die, p<0.05). Le piastrine (p=0.012) e l’AT-III (p=0.004) sono aumentate durante RCA riducendo la necessità di supplementazione. L’RCA è stata interrotta per accumulo di citrato in un solo paziente (calcemia totale/s-Ca++ >2.5). Conclusioni: L’RCA ha consentito di prolungare la durata dei circuiti riducendo il fabbisogno trasfusionale e la necessità di supplementazione di AT-III e piastrine. L’utilizzo di un modello matematico ha facilitato l’impostazione dei parametri CVVH. L’RCA appare meritevole di maggiore considerazione come metodica di anticoagulazione di prima scelta in pazienti ad alto rischio emorragico sottoposti a CRRT.

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Introduzione. Recenti studi hanno dimostrato che il Rituximab (RTX) è un’alternativa sicura ed efficace alla ciclofosfamide nell’indurre la remissione in pazienti con severa vasculite ANCA-associata (AAV) di nuova diagnosi o recidiva. Scopo dello studio era valutare l’efficacia e la sicurezza del RTX nei nostri pazienti con AAV. Metodi. Studio retrospettivo delle caratteristiche cliniche, dei risultati e della tolleranza al RTX dei pazienti con AAV trattati presso il nostro centro da Gennaio 2006 a Dicembre 2011. Inizialmente veniva utilizzato lo schema convenzionale delle 4 somministrazioni settimanali da 375 mg/m2. Dal 2011 sulla base dell’esperienza maturata e dei nuovi dati della letteratura si decideva di non adottare uno schema fisso per le recidive, ma di somministrare una o due dosi secondo la severità della recidiva ed il rischio infettivo. Risultati. Venivano trattati 51 pazienti con AAV, 15/51 (29%) di nuova diagnosi e 36/51 (71%) ad una recidiva. La maggior parte dei pazienti con nuova diagnosi presentavano una micropoliangioite con severo interessamento renale, 5/15 (33%) erano in dialisi dall’esordio. 32/36 (89%) pazienti trattati ad una recidiva presentavano una recidiva granulomatosa di Granulomatosi di Wegener (WG). Tutti ottenevano una remissione, più rapidamente per le manifestazioni vasculitiche. 2/5 pazienti in dialisi dall’esordio recuperavano la funzione renale. Si osservavano 11 recidive in 9 pazienti con GW mediamente dopo 23.1 mesi, tutti ottenevano nuovamente la remissione. Ad un follow-up medio di 20.1 mesi si registravano 4 decessi, 3 (3/15, 20%) nel gruppo di pazienti con nuova diagnosi, uno (1/36, 3%) nel gruppo trattato ad una recidiva. Quattro pazienti sospendevano il RTX per infezioni. Conclusioni. Nella nostra casistica il RTX si è dimostrato efficace e sicuro nell’indurre la remissione in pazienti con severa AAV, sia all’esordio che alla recidiva. I pazienti con WG presentano maggior rischio di recidiva e dovrebbero pertanto essere mantenuti in terapia immunosoppressiva dopo RTX.

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Introduction:Persistent Hyperparathyroidism after transplantation (HPT),bone disease and vertebral fractures are an important clinical problem in renal transplant patients. Several factors such as renal osteodystrophy, immunosuppressive therapy, deficit/insufficiency Vitamin D may contribute to that.In literature are described different percentages of HPT, vertebral fractures and Osteoporosis/Osteopenia that may be due to the different therapy and to the different employ of steroid. We analyzed 90 patients who received a renal graft between 2005 e 2010. Patients and Methods: 44 male and 46 female. Average age 52,2± 10,1 years, follow-up 31,3±16,6 months, time on dialysis 37±29,6 months. Patients who had creatinine level greater than 2,5 mg/dl were excluded. Immunosuppressive therapy was based on basiliximab, steroids (1.6 to 2 mg/kg/day progressively reduced to 5 mg/day after 45 days from the transplantation) in all patients + calcineurin inhibitor+ mycophenolate mophetil/mycophenolic acid in 88,8% of patients or Everolimus± calcineurin inhibitor in the others. Patients were studied with X-ray of the spine, dual-energy-X-ray, PTH, 25(OH)VitD. Results: 41,1% had HPT; 41,1% had osteopenia at femoral neck and 36,7% at vertebral column; 16,7% had osteoporosis at femoral neck and 15,6% at vertebral column. 10 patients (11%) had vertebral fractures. Patients with normal bone mineral density, compared to those with osteoporosis/osteopenia, are more younger (average age 46,4±11,7 years vs 54.3±8,6); they have spent less time on dialysis (26,5±14,8 months vs 40,7±32,6) and they have values of 25(OH)VitD higher (22,1±7,6 ng/ml vs 17,8±8,5). Patients with vertebral fractures have values of 25(OH)VitD lowest (14,1±6,4 ng/ml vs 19,7±8,5) and they had transplant since more time (29,1±16,2 vs 48,1±8,7 months). There is a significant correlation between HPT and PTH pre transplantation; HPT and levels of VitD (p<0,05) Conclusion: Prevention of Bone disease and vertebral fractures after renal transplant includes: a)treatment before transplantation b)supplementation of vitamin D with cholecalciferol or calcidiol c)shorten the dialysis time.

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L'insufficienza renale cronica (CKD) è associata ad un rischio cardiovascolare più elevato rispetto alla popolazione generale: fattori come uremia, stress ossidativo, età dialitica, infiammazione, alterazioni del metabolismo minerale e presenza di calcificazioni vascolari incidono fortemente sulla morbosità e mortalità per cause cardiovascolari nel paziente uremico. Diversi studi hanno verificato il coinvolgimento dei progenitori endoteliali (EPC) nella malattia aterosclerotica ed è stato dimostrato che esprimono osteocalcina, marcatore di calcificazione. Inoltre, nella CKD è presente una disfunzione in numero e funzionalità delle EPC. Attualmente, il ruolo delle EPC nella formazione delle calcificazioni vascolari nei pazienti in dialisi non è stato ancora chiarito. Lo scopo della tesi è quello di studiare le EPC prelevate da pazienti con CKD, al fine di determinarne numero e fenotipo. È stato anche valutato l'effetto del trattamento in vitro e in vivo con calcitriolo e paracalcitolo sulle EPC, dato il deficit di vitamina D dei pazienti con CKD: il trattamento con vitamina D sembra avere effetti positivi sul sistema cardiovascolare. Sono stati valutati: numero di EPC circolanti e la relativa espressione di osteocalcina e del recettore della vitamina D; morfologia e fenotipo EPC in vitro; effetti di calcitriolo e paracalcitolo sull’espressione di osteocalcina e sui depositi di calcio. I risultati dello studio suggeriscono che il trattamento con vitamina D abbia un effetto positivo sulle EPC, aumentando il numero di EPC circolanti e normalizzandone la morfologia. Sia calcitriolo che paracalcitolo sono in grado di ridurre notevolmente l’espressione di OC, mentre solo il paracalcitolo ha un effetto significativo sulla riduzione dei depositi di calcio in coltura. In conclusione, il trattamento con vitamina D sembra ridurre il potenziale calcifico delle EPC nell’uremia, aprendo nuove strade per la gestione del rischio cardiovascolare nei pazienti affetti da CKD.

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This work contributes to the field of spatial economics by embracing three distinct modelling approaches, belonging to different strands of the theoretical literature. In the first chapter I present a theoretical model in which the changes in urban system’s degree of functional specialisation are linked to (i) firms’ organisational choices and firms’ location decisions. The interplay between firms’ internal communication/managing costs (between headquarters and production plants) and the cost of communicating with distant business services providers leads the transition process from an “integrated” urban system where each city hosts every different functions to a “functionally specialised” urban system where each city is either a primary business center (hosting advanced business services providers, a secondary business center or a pure manufacturing city and all this city-types coexist in equilibrium.The second chapter investigates the impact of free trade on welfare in a two-country world modelled as an international Hotelling duopoly with quadratic transport costs and asymmetric countries, where a negative environmental externality is associated with the consumption of the good produced in the smaller country. Countries’ relative sizes as well as the intensity of negative environmental externality affect potential welfare gains of trade liberalisation. The third chapter focuses on the paradox, by which, contrary to theoretical predictions, empirical evidence shows that a decrease in international transport costs causes an increase in foreign direct investments (FDIs). Here we propose an explanation to this apparent puzzle by exploiting an approach which delivers a continuum of Bertrand- Nash equilibria ranging above marginal cost pricing. In our setting, two Bertrand firms, supplying a homogeneous good with a convex cost function, enter the market of a foreign country. We show that allowing for a softer price competition may indeed more than offset the standard effect generated by a decrease in trade costs, thereby restoring FDI incentives.

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L’insufficienza renale acuta(AKI) grave che richiede terapia sostitutiva, è una complicanza frequente nelle unità di terapia intensiva(UTI) e rappresenta un fattore di rischio indipendente di mortalità. Scopo dello studio é stato valutare prospetticamente, in pazienti “critici” sottoposti a terapie sostitutive renali continue(CRRT) per IRA post cardiochirurgia, la prevalenza ed il significato prognostico del recupero della funzione renale(RFR). Pazienti e Metodi:Pazienti(pz) con AKI dopo intervento di cardiochirurgia elettivo o in emergenza con disfunzione di due o più organi trattati con CRRT. Risultati:Dal 1996 al 2011, 266 pz (M 195,F 71, età 65.5±11.3aa) sono stati trattati con CRRT. Tipo di intervento: CABG(27.6%), dissecazione aortica(33%), sostituzione valvolare(21.1%), CABG+sostituzione valvolare(12.6%), altro(5.7%). Parametri all’inizio del trattamento: BUN 86.1±39.4, creatininemia(Cr) 3.96±1.86mg/dL, PAM 72.4±13.6mmHg, APACHE II score 30.7±6.1, SOFAscore 13.7±3. RIFLE: Risk (11%), Injury (31.4%), Failure (57.6%). AKI oligurica (72.2%), ventilazione meccanica (93.2%), inotropi (84.5%). La sopravvivenza a 30 gg ed alla dimissione è stata del 54.2% e del 37.1%. La sopravvivenza per stratificazione APACHE II: <24=85.1 e 66%, 25-29=63.5 e 48.1%, 30-34=51.8 e 31.8%, >34=31.6 e 17.7%. RFR ha consentito l’interruzione della CRRT nel 87.8% (86/98) dei survivors (Cr 1.4±0.6mg/dL) e nel 14.5% (24/166) dei nonsurvivors (Cr 2.2±0.9mg/dL) con un recupero totale del 41.4%. RFR è stato osservato nel 59.5% (44/74) dei pz non oligurici e nel 34.4% dei pz oligurici (66/192). La distribuzione dei pz sulla base dei tempi di RFR è stata:<8=38.2%, 8-14=20.9%, 15-21=11.8%, 22-28=10.9%, >28=18.2%. All’analisi multivariata, l’oliguria, l’età e il CV-SOFA a 7gg dall’inizio della CRRT si sono dimostrati fattori prognostici sfavorevoli su RFR(>21gg). RFR si associa ad una sopravvivenza elevata(78.2%). Conclusioni:RFR significativamente piu frequente nei pz non oligurici si associa ad una sopravvivenza alla dimissione piu elevata. La distribuzione dei pz in rapporto ad APACHE II e SOFAscore dimostra che la sopravvivenza e RFR sono strettamente legati alla gravità della patologia.