Semicelle SOFC: studio e produzione di elettroliti con processi a basso impatto ambientale

Le celle a combustibile ad ossido solido (SOFC) sono dei sistemi elettrochimici in grado di trasformare direttamente l’energia chimica di un combustibile (generalmente H2) e di un comburente (O2) in energia elettrica, senza l’intervento intermedio di un ciclo termico. Le SOFCs rappresentano un sistema energetico pulito, efficiente e sicuro, tuttavia questa tecnologia presenta costi di produzione ancora elevati e necessita di un maggiore sviluppo. L’argomento della presente tesi si colloca nell’ambito dello studio e realizzazione di materiali per l’elettrolita di SOFCs ed il contributo scientifico che si propone di fornire trova spazio nella necessità di migliorare la sinterizzazione di tali materiali e nell’ottimizzazione dei processi di formatura per produzioni facilmente scalabili a livello industriale con costo contenuto ed ecocompatibili. L’approccio di ricerca adottato è stato quello di approfondire le conoscenze relative ad un ossido di cerio drogato con gadolinio (GDC), scelto come elettrolita, cercando di comprendere su quali parametri intervenire per promuovere la densificazione ed ottimizzare il seguente processo di formatura. La ricerca si è articolata nei seguenti punti: a) Studio del processo di sinterizzazione in relazione alle caratteristiche morfologiche delle polveri di GDC pura ed esaminando l’influenza dell’ossido di rame, aggiunto come drogante, sul comportamento in sinterizzazione e microstruttura finale. I risultati indicano che il processo di sinterizzazione è enormemente influenzato dalla presenza del CuO, dalla sua morfologia e dalla procedura usata per il drogaggio b) Realizzazione di un inchiostro serigrafico a base di GDC in matrice acquosa da depositare su anodi in verde. La serigrafia rappresenta un’importante tecnica di formatura, facilmente adattabile ad una produzione industriale, con cui è possibile ottenere film di GDC densi. L’ottimizzazione dei processi in matrice acquosa porta un enorme contributo per la diminuzione dei costi di produzione e per la realizzazione di un processo maggiormente ecocompatibile. Questo obiettivo è stato raggiunto con la corretta scelta e caratterizzazione di tutti gli additivi di formatura c) Assemblaggio della semicella SOFC anodo supportante e relativo trattamento in co-firing. La messa a punto di un idoneo ciclo di burn out degli organici ha contribuito a preservare l’integrità ed omogeneità dei film depositati che dopo sinterizzazione risultano perfettamente densi e privi di cricche.

New functional and biomechanical assessments for the improvement of the surgical navigation systems for joint replacement in the human lower limb

In case of severe osteoarthritis at the knee causing pain, deformity, and loss of stability and mobility, the clinicians consider that the substitution of these surfaces by means of joint prostheses. The objectives to be pursued by this surgery are: complete pain elimination, restoration of the normal physiological mobility and joint stability, correction of all deformities and, thus, of limping. The knee surgical navigation systems have bee developed in computer-aided surgery in order to improve the surgical final outcome in total knee arthroplasty. These systems provide the surgeon with quantitative and real-time information about each surgical action, like bone cut executions and prosthesis component alignment, by mean of tracking tools rigidly fixed onto the femur and the tibia. Nevertheless, there is still a margin of error due to the incorrect surgical procedures and to the still limited number of kinematic information provided by the current systems. Particularly, patello-femoral joint kinematics is not considered in knee surgical navigation. It is also unclear and, thus, a source of misunderstanding, what the most appropriate methodology is to study the patellar motion. In addition, also the knee ligamentous apparatus is superficially considered in navigated total knee arthroplasty, without taking into account how their physiological behavior is altered by this surgery. The aim of the present research work was to provide new functional and biomechanical assessments for the improvement of the surgical navigation systems for joint replacement in the human lower limb. This was mainly realized by means of the identification and development of new techniques that allow a thorough comprehension of the functioning of the knee joint, with particular attention to the patello-femoral joint and to the main knee soft tissues. A knee surgical navigation system with active markers was used in all research activities presented in this research work. Particularly, preliminary test were performed in order to assess the system accuracy and the robustness of a number of navigation procedures. Four studies were performed in-vivo on patients requiring total knee arthroplasty and randomly implanted by means of traditional and navigated procedures in order to check for the real efficacy of the latter with respect to the former. In order to cope with assessment of patello-femoral joint kinematics in the intact and replaced knees, twenty in-vitro tests were performed by using a prototypal tracking tool also for the patella. In addition to standard anatomical and articular recommendations, original proposals for defining the patellar anatomical-based reference frame and for studying the patello-femoral joint kinematics were reported and used in these tests. These definitions were applied to two further in-vitro tests in which, for the first time, also the implant of patellar component insert was fully navigated. In addition, an original technique to analyze the main knee soft tissues by means of anatomical-based fiber mappings was also reported and used in the same tests. The preliminary instrumental tests revealed a system accuracy within the millimeter and a good inter- and intra-observer repeatability in defining all anatomical reference frames. In in-vivo studies, the general alignments of femoral and tibial prosthesis components and of the lower limb mechanical axis, as measured on radiographs, was more satisfactory, i.e. within ±3°, in those patient in which total knee arthroplasty was performed by navigated procedures. As for in-vitro tests, consistent patello-femoral joint kinematic patterns were observed over specimens throughout the knee flexion arc. Generally, the physiological intact knee patellar motion was not restored after the implant. This restoration was successfully achieved in the two further tests where all component implants, included the patellar insert, were fully navigated, i.e. by means of intra-operative assessment of also patellar component positioning and general tibio-femoral and patello-femoral joint assessment. The tests for assessing the behavior of the main knee ligaments revealed the complexity of the latter and the different functional roles played by the several sub-bundles compounding each ligament. Also in this case, total knee arthroplasty altered the physiological behavior of these knee soft tissues. These results reveal in-vitro the relevance and the feasibility of the applications of new techniques for accurate knee soft tissues monitoring, patellar tracking assessment and navigated patellar resurfacing intra-operatively in the contest of the most modern operative techniques. This present research work gives a contribution to the much controversial knowledge on the normal and replaced of knee kinematics by testing the reported new methodologies. The consistence of these results provides fundamental information for the comprehension and improvements of knee orthopedic treatments. In the future, the reported new techniques can be safely applied in-vivo and also adopted in other joint replacements.

La città di Bologna e la sua storia: diffusione e condivisione delle conoscenze attraverso Webgis open source e Web Mapping

To understand a city and its urban structure it is necessary to study its history. This is feasible through GIS (Geographical Information Systems) and its by-products on the web. Starting from a cartographic view they allow an initial understanding of, and a comparison between, present and past data together with an easy and intuitive access to database information. The research done led to the creation of a GIS for the city of Bologna. It is based on varied data such as historical map, vector and alphanumeric historical data, etc.. After providing information about GIS we thought of spreading and sharing the collected data on the Web after studying two solutions available on the market: Web Mapping and WebGIS. In this study we discuss the stages, beginning with the development of Historical GIS of Bologna, which led to the making of a WebGIS Open Source (MapServer and Chameleon) and the Web Mapping services (Google Earth, Google Maps and OpenLayers).

Interazioni tra Glicoproteine che mediano la penetrazione del Virus Herpes Simplex nella cellula e disegno razionale di Peptidi Inibitori

Herpes simplex virus entry into cells requires a multipartite fusion apparatus made of gD, gB and heterodimer gH/gL. gD serves as receptor-binding glycoprotein and trigger of fusion; its ectodomain is organized in a N-terminal domain carrying the receptor-binding sites, and a C-terminal domain carrying the profusion domain, required for fusion but not receptor-binding. gB and gH/gL execute fusion. To understand how the four glycoproteins cross-talk to each other we searched for biochemical defined complexes in infected and transfected cells, and in virions. We report that gD formed complexes with gB in absence of gH/gL, and with gH/gL in absence of gB. Complexes with similar composition were formed in infected and transfected cells. They were also present in virions prior to entry, and did not increase at virus fusion with cell. A panel of gD mutants enabled the preliminary location of part of the binding site in gD to gB to the aa 240-260 portion and downstream, with T306P307 as critical residues, and of the binding site to gH/gL at aa 260-310 portion, with P291P292 as critical residues. The results indicate that gD carries composite independent binding sites for gB and gH/gL, both of which partly located in the profusion domain. The second part of the project dealt with rational design of peptides inhibiting virus entry has been performed. Considering gB and gD, the crystal structure is known, so we designed peptides that dock in the structure or prevent the adoption of the final conformation of target molecule. Considering the other glycoproteins, of which the structure is not known, peptide libraries were analyzed. Among several peptides, some were identified as active, designed on glycoprotein B. Two of them were further analyzed. We identified peptide residues fundamental for the inhibiting activity, suggesting a possible mechanism of action. Furthermore, changing the flexibility of peptides, an increased activity was observed,with an EC50 under 10μM. New approaches will try to demonstrate the direct interaction between these peptides and the target glycoprotein B.

Identification of surface protein complexes of Streptococcus pyogenes through protein microarray technology

A systematic characterization of the composition and structure of the bacterial cell-surface proteome and its complexes can provide an invaluable tool for its comprehensive understanding. The knowledge of protein complexes composition and structure could offer new, more effective targets for a more specific and consequently effective immune response against a complex instead of a single protein. Large-scale protein-protein interaction screens are the first step towards the identification of complexes and their attribution to specific pathways. Currently, several methods exist for identifying protein interactions and protein microarrays provide the most appealing alternative to existing techniques for a high throughput screening of protein-protein interactions in vitro under reasonably straightforward conditions. In this study approximately 100 proteins of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) predicted to be secreted or surface exposed by genomic and proteomic approaches were purified in a His-tagged form and used to generate protein microarrays on nitrocellulose-coated slides. To identify protein-protein interactions each purified protein was then labeled with biotin, hybridized to the microarray and interactions were detected with Cy3-labelled streptavidin. Only reciprocal interactions, i. e. binding of the same two interactors irrespective of which of the two partners is in solid-phase or in solution, were taken as bona fide protein-protein interactions. Using this approach, we have identified 20 interactors of one of the potent toxins secreted by GAS and known as superantigens. Several of these interactors belong to the molecular chaperone or protein folding catalyst families and presumably are involved in the secretion and folding of the superantigen. In addition, a very interesting interaction was found between the superantigen and the substrate binding subunit of a well characterized ABC transporter. This finding opens a new perspective on the current understanding of how superantigens are modified by the bacterial cell in order to become major players in causing disease.

Sviluppo di algoritmi avanzati di analisi e diagnosi combustione in tempo reale per motori endotermici alternativi

Increasingly stringent exhaust emission limits and higher fuel economy are the main drivers of the engine development process. As a consequence, the complexity of the propulsion units and its subsystems increase, due to the extensive use of sensors and actuators needed to obtain a precise control over the combustion phase. Since engine calibration process consumes most of the development time, new tools and methodologies are needed to shorten the development time and increase the performance attainable. Real time combustion analysis, based on the in-cylinder pressure signal, can significantly improve the calibration of the engine control strategies and the development of new algorithms, giving instantaneous feedback on the engine behavior. A complete combustion analysis and diagnosis system has been developed, capable of evaluating the most important indicators about the combustion process, such as indicated mean effective pressure, heat release, mass fraction burned and knock indexes. Such a tool is built on top of a flexible, modular and affordable hardware platform, capable of satisfying the requirements needed for accuracy and precision, but also enabling the use directly on-board the vehicle, due to its small form factor.

Middleware principles and design for the integration of ubiquitos mobile services

Nowadays, in Ubiquitous computing scenarios users more and more require to exploit online contents and services by means of any device at hand, no matter their physical location, and by personalizing and tailoring content and service access to their own requirements. The coordinated provisioning of content tailored to user context and preferences, and the support for mobile multimodal and multichannel interactions are of paramount importance in providing users with a truly effective Ubiquitous support. However, so far the intrinsic heterogeneity and the lack of an integrated approach led to several either too vertical, or practically unusable proposals, thus resulting in poor and non-versatile support platforms for Ubiquitous computing. This work investigates and promotes design principles to help cope with these ever-changing and inherently dynamic scenarios. By following the outlined principles, we have designed and implemented a middleware support platform to support the provisioning of Ubiquitous mobile services and contents. To prove the viability of our approach, we have realized and stressed on top of our support platform a number of different, extremely complex and heterogeneous content and service provisioning scenarios. The encouraging results obtained are pushing our research work further, in order to provide a dynamic platform that is able to not only dynamically support novel Ubiquitous applicative scenarios by tailoring extremely diverse services and contents to heterogeneous user needs, but is also able to reconfigure and adapt itself in order to provide a truly optimized and tailored support for Ubiquitous service provisioning.

Uniquitous internet middleware: architecture design and prototype evaluation

Technology advances in recent years have dramatically changed the way users exploit contents and services available on the Internet, by enforcing pervasive and mobile computing scenarios and enabling access to networked resources almost from everywhere, at anytime, and independently of the device in use. In addition, people increasingly require to customize their experience, by exploiting specific device capabilities and limitations, inherent features of the communication channel in use, and interaction paradigms that significantly differ from the traditional request/response one. So-called Ubiquitous Internet scenario calls for solutions that address many different challenges, such as device mobility, session management, content adaptation, context-awareness and the provisioning of multimodal interfaces. Moreover, new service opportunities demand simple and effective ways to integrate existing resources into new and value added applications, that can also undergo run-time modifications, according to ever-changing execution conditions. Despite service-oriented architectural models are gaining momentum to tame the increasing complexity of composing and orchestrating distributed and heterogeneous functionalities, existing solutions generally lack a unified approach and only provide support for specific Ubiquitous Internet aspects. Moreover, they usually target rather static scenarios and scarcely support the dynamic nature of pervasive access to Internet resources, that can make existing compositions soon become obsolete or inadequate, hence in need of reconfiguration. This thesis proposes a novel middleware approach to comprehensively deal with Ubiquitous Internet facets and assist in establishing innovative application scenarios. We claim that a truly viable ubiquity support infrastructure must neatly decouple distributed resources to integrate and push any kind of content-related logic outside its core layers, by keeping only management and coordination responsibilities. Furthermore, we promote an innovative, open, and dynamic resource composition model that allows to easily describe and enforce complex scenario requirements, and to suitably react to changes in the execution conditions.

Intrinsic uncoupling in the ATP synthase of Escherichia coli. Studies on WT and ε-truncated mutants

The H+/ATP ratio in the catalysis of ATP synthase has generally been considered a fixed parameter. However, Melandri and coworkers have recently shown that, in the ATP synthase of the photosynthetic bacterium Rb.capsulatus, this ratio can significantly decrease during ATP hydrolysis when the concentration of either ADP or Pi is maintained at a low level (Turina et al., 2004). The present work has dealt with the ATP synthase of E.coli, looking for evidence of this phenomenon of intrinsic uncoupling in this organism as well. First of all, we have shown that the DCCD-sensitive ATP hydrolysis activity of E.coli internal membranes was strongly inhibited by ADP and Pi, with a half-maximal effect in the submicromolar range for ADP and at 140 µM for Pi. In contrast to this monotonic inhibition, however, the proton pumping activity of the enzyme, as estimated under the same conditions by the fluorescence quenching of the ΔpH-sensitive probe ACMA, showed a clearly biphasic progression, both for Pi, increasing from 0 up to approximately 200 µM, and for ADP, increasing from 0 up to a few µM. We have interpreted these results as indicating that the occupancy of ADP and Pi binding sites shifts the enzyme from a partially uncoupled state to a fully coupled state, and we expect that the ADP- and Pi-modulated intrinsic uncoupling is likely to be a general feature of prokaryotic ATP synthases. Moreover, the biphasicity of the proton pumping data suggested that two Pi binding sites are involved. In order to verify whether the same behaviour could be observed in the isolated enzyme, we have purified the ATP synthase of E.coli and reconstituted it into liposomes. Similarly as observed in the internal membrane preparation, in the isolated and reconstituted enzyme it was possible to observe inhibition of the hydrolytic activity by ADP and Pi (with half-maximal effects at few µM for ADP and at 400 µM for Pi) with a concomitant stimulation of proton pumping. Both the inhibition of ATP hydrolysis and the stimulation of proton pumping as a function of Pi were lost upon ADP removal by an ADP trap. These data have made it possible to conclude that the results obtained in E.coli internal membranes are not due to the artefactual interference of enzymatic activities other than the ones of the ATP synthase. In addition, data obtained with liposomes have allowed a calibration of the ACMA signal by ΔpH transitions of known extent, leading to a quantitative evaluation of the proton pumping data. Finally, we have focused our efforts on searching for a possible structural candidate involved in the phenomenon of intrinsic uncoupling. The ε-subunit of the ATP-synthase is known as an endogenous inhibitor of the hydrolysis activity of the complex and appears to undergo drastic conformational changes between a non-inhibitory form (down-state) and an inhibitory form (up-state)(Rodgers & Wilce, 2000; Gibbons et al., 2000). In addition, the results of Cipriano & Dunn (2006) indicated that the C-terminal domain of this subunit played an important role in the coupling mechanism of the pump, and those of Capaldi et al. (2001), Suzuki et al. (2003) were consistent with the down-state showing a higher hydrolysis-to-synthesis ratio than the up-state. Therefore, we decided to search for modulation of pumping efficiency in a C-terminally truncated ε mutant. A low copy number expression vector has been built, carrying an extra copy of uncC, with the aim of generating an ε-overexpressing E.coli strain in which normal levels of assembly of the mutated ATP-synthase complex would be promoted. We have then compared the ATP hydrolysis and the proton pumping activity in membranes prepared from these ε-overexpressing E.coli strains, which carried either the WT ε subunit or the ε88-stop truncated form. Both strains yielded well energized membranes. Noticeably, they showed a marked difference in the inhibition of hydrolysis by Pi, this effect being largely lost in the truncated mutant. However, pre-incubation of the mutated enzyme with ADP at low nanomolar concentrations (apparent Kd = 0.7nM) restored the hydrolysis inhibition, together with the modulation of intrinsic uncoupling by Pi, indicating that, contrary to wild-type, during membrane preparation the truncated mutant had lost the ADP bound at this high-affinity site, evidently due to a lower affinity (and/or higher release) for ADP of the mutant relative to wild type. Therefore, one of the effects of the C-terminal domain of ε appears to be to modulate the affinity of at least one of the binding sites for ADP. The lack of this domain does not appear so much to influence the modulability of coupling efficiency, but instead the extent of this modulation. At higher preincubated ADP concentrations (apparent Kd = 117nM), the only observed effects were inhibition of both hydrolysis and synthesis, providing a direct proof that two ADP-binding sites on the enzyme are involved in the inhibition of hydrolysis, of which only the one at higher affinity also modulates the coupling efficiency.

Specification and Verification of Declarative Open Interaction Models - A Logic-based framework

The advent of distributed and heterogeneous systems has laid the foundation for the birth of new architectural paradigms, in which many separated and autonomous entities collaborate and interact to the aim of achieving complex strategic goals, impossible to be accomplished on their own. A non exhaustive list of systems targeted by such paradigms includes Business Process Management, Clinical Guidelines and Careflow Protocols, Service-Oriented and Multi-Agent Systems. It is largely recognized that engineering these systems requires novel modeling techniques. In particular, many authors are claiming that an open, declarative perspective is needed to complement the closed, procedural nature of the state of the art specification languages. For example, the ConDec language has been recently proposed to target the declarative and open specification of Business Processes, overcoming the over-specification and over-constraining issues of classical procedural approaches. On the one hand, the success of such novel modeling languages strongly depends on their usability by non-IT savvy: they must provide an appealing, intuitive graphical front-end. On the other hand, they must be prone to verification, in order to guarantee the trustworthiness and reliability of the developed model, as well as to ensure that the actual executions of the system effectively comply with it. In this dissertation, we claim that Computational Logic is a suitable framework for dealing with the specification, verification, execution, monitoring and analysis of these systems. We propose to adopt an extended version of the ConDec language for specifying interaction models with a declarative, open flavor. We show how all the (extended) ConDec constructs can be automatically translated to the CLIMB Computational Logic-based language, and illustrate how its corresponding reasoning techniques can be successfully exploited to provide support and verification capabilities along the whole life cycle of the targeted systems.

L'Azienda USL di Bologna: analisi dell'impatto della fusione delle tre precedenti Aziende sugli assetti organizzativi

L’Azienda USL di Bologna è la più grande della regione ed è una delle più grandi in Italia: serve una popolazione di 836.697 abitanti ed è distribuita su 50 comuni. E’ stata istituita il 1° gennaio 2004 con la Legge della Regione Emilia Romagna n. 21 del 20/10/2003 che ha unificato i Comuni di tre Aziende USL: “Città di Bologna”, “Bologna Sud” e “Bologna Nord” (ad eccezione del Comune di Medicina che dall’Area Nord è entrato a far parte dell’Azienda USL di Imola che ha mantenuto un’autonoma configurazione giuridica). Il territorio dell’Azienda USL di Bologna si estende per 2915,4 Kmq ed è caratterizzato dalla particolare ubicazione geografica dei suoi distretti. Al Distretto prettamente urbano, quale quello di Bologna Città si affiancano nell’Area Nord i Distretti di pianura quali Pianura Est e Pianura Ovest, mentre nell’Area Sud si collocano i Distretti con territorio più collinare, quali quelli di Casalecchio di Reno e San Lazzaro di Savena ed il Distretto di Porretta Terme che si caratterizza per l’alta percentuale di territorio montuoso. L’unificazione di territori diversi per caratteristiche orografiche, demografiche e socioeconomiche, ha comportato una maggiore complessità rispetto al passato in termini di governo delle condizioni di equità. La rimodulazione istituzionale ed organizzativa dell’offerta dei sevizi sanitari ha comportato il gravoso compito di razionalizzarne la distribuzione, tenendo conto delle peculiarità del contesto. Alcuni studi di fattibilità precedenti l’unificazione, avevano rilevato come attraverso la costituzione di un’Azienda USL unica si sarebbero potuti più agevolmente perseguire gli obiettivi collegati alle prospettive di sviluppo e di ulteriore qualificazione del sistema dei servizi delle Aziende USL dell’area bolognese, con benefici per il complessivo servizio sanitario regionale. Le tre Aziende precedentemente operanti nell’area bolognese erano percepite come inadeguate, per dimensioni, a supportare uno sviluppo dei servizi ritenuto indispensabile per la popolazione ma, che, se singolarmente realizzato, avrebbe condotto ad una inutile duplicazione di servizi già presenti. Attraverso l’integrazione delle attività di acquisizione dei fattori produttivi e di gestione dei servizi delle tre Aziende, si sarebbero potute ragionevolmente conseguire economie più consistenti rispetto a quanto in precedenza ottenuto attraverso il coordinamento volontario di tali processi da parte delle tre Direzioni. L’istituzione della nuova Azienda unica, conformemente al Piano sanitario regionale si proponeva di: o accelerare i processi di integrazione e di redistribuzione dell’offerta dei servizi territoriali, tenendo conto della progressiva divaricazione fra i cambiamenti demografici, che segnavano un crescente deflusso dal centro storico verso le periferie, ed i flussi legati alle attività lavorative, che si muovevano in senso contrario; o riorganizzare i servizi sanitari in una logica di rete e di sistema, condizione necessaria per assicurare l’equità di accesso ai servizi e alle cure, in stretta interlocuzione con gli Enti Locali titolari dei servizi sociali; o favorire il raggiungimento dell’equilibrio finanziario dell’Azienda e contribuire in modo significativo alla sostenibilità finanziaria dell’intero sistema sanitario regionale. L’entità delle risorse impegnate nell’Area bolognese e le dimensioni del bilancio della nuova Azienda unificata offrivano la possibilità di realizzare economie di scala e di scopo, attraverso la concentrazione e/o la creazione di sinergie fra funzioni e attività, sia in ambito ospedaliero, sia territoriale, con un chiaro effetto sull’equilibrio del bilancio dell’intero Servizio sanitario regionale. A cinque anni dalla sua costituzione, l’Azienda USL di Bologna, ha completato una significativa fase del complessivo processo riorganizzativo superando le principali difficoltà dovute alla fusione di tre Aziende diverse, non solo per collocazione geografica e sistemi di gestione, ma anche per la cultura dei propri componenti. La tesi affronta il tema dell’analisi dell’impatto della fusione sugli assetti organizzativi aziendali attraverso uno sviluppo così articolato: o la sistematizzazione delle principali teorie e modelli organizzativi con particolare attenzione alla loro contestualizzazione nella realtà delle organizzazioni professionali di tipo sanitario; o l’analisi principali aspetti della complessità del sistema tecnico, sociale, culturale e valoriale delle organizzazioni sanitarie; o l’esame dello sviluppo organizzativo dell’Azienda USL di Bologna attraverso la lettura combinata dell’Atto e del Regolamento Organizzativo Aziendali esaminati alla luce della normativa vigente, con particolare attenzione all’articolazione distrettuale e all’organizzazione Dipartimentale per cogliere gli aspetti di specificità che hanno caratterizzano il disegno organizzativo globalmente declinato. o l’esposizione degli esiti di un questionario progettato, in accordo con la Direzione Sanitaria Aziendale, allo scopo di raccogliere significativi elementi per valutare l’impatto della riorganizzazione dipartimentale rispetto ai tre ruoli designati in “staff “alle Direzioni degli otto Dipartimenti Ospedalieri dell’AUSL di Bologna, a tre anni dalla loro formale istituzione. La raccolta dei dati è stata attuata tramite la somministrazione diretta, ai soggetti indagati, di un questionario costituito da numerosi quesiti a risposta chiusa, integrati da domande aperte finalizzate all’approfondimento delle dimensioni di ruolo che più frequentemente possono presentare aspetti di criticità. Il progetto ha previsto la rielaborazione aggregata dei dati e la diffusione degli esiti della ricerca: alla Direzione Sanitaria Aziendale, alle Direzioni Dipartimentali ospedaliere ed a tutti i soggetti coinvolti nell’indagine stessa per poi riesaminare in una discussione allargata i temi di maggiore interesse e le criticità emersi. Gli esiti sono esposti in una serie di tabelle con i principali indicatori e vengono adeguatamente illustrati.

La qualità del servizio sportivo come strumento di miglioramento del benessere psico-fisico dell'utente

La ricerca approfondisce le modalità  di applicazione degli standard di qualità  nell'ambito del servizio sportivo, qualità  certificata attraverso sistemi convenzionali o auto verificata attraverso strumenti quali carte di servizio. L'applicazione e verifica dei sistemi di qualità  ad un servizio, seppur non considerato pubblico ma comunque di interesse generale, deve essere messa in relazione con i risultati che il servizio stesso si prefigge sia dal punto di vista del privato (o pubblico) che gestisce ed esercita l'attività  sportiva, sia dal punto di vista del cittadino che lo utilizza. Pertanto la ricerca è stata dedicata all'incidenza della qualità  nei miglioramenti del benessere psico-fisico dell'utente e all'eventuale efficacia della stessa come strumento di marketing per la diffusione del servizio. Sono state prese in esame tre diverse realtà  sportive, tre piscine. Due delle quali, dopo una prima rilevazione esplorativa, si sono dotate di una Carta dei Servizi. La terza piscina è invece gestita da una società  certificata ISO 9001. Sono stati proposti ed elaborati oltre 800 questionari dai quali sono emerse interessanti indicazioni su quanto e come la qualità  del servizio sia stato percepito dall'utente sotto forma di miglioramento del proprio stato psico-fisico ma anche di come sia ritenuta indispensabile una attenzione del gestore verso l'utente affinchè egli possa considerare utile l'attività  motoria dal punto di vista del miglioramento del proprio benessere. Più in particolare, attraverso l'utilizzo dell'analisi fattoriale prima e di modelli Lisrel poi, si è ottenuta una riduzione della complessità  del numero di fattori che spiegano il fenomeno. Questi fattori sono stati messi in correlazione con il livello di soddisfazione complessiva degli utenti e, dalle due rilevazioni per le quali il modello Lisrel ha restituito dati attendibili, è emerso come il fattore "servizi per gli utenti", comprendente aspetti quali lo spazio in acqua e la comodità  degli spogliatoi, sia quello che ha una maggior correlazione con la soddisfazione complessiva. La Carta dei Servizi, pur ritenuta utile dagli utenti che la conoscono, risulta uno strumento poco conosciuto ed in generale privo di appeal anche dal punto di vista del marketing. Nella percezione dell'utente questo strumento non contribuisce al miglioramento del proprio stato psico-fisico. E' interessante rilevare, invece, che gli utenti che conoscono la Certificazione di qualità  hanno una miglior percezione del servizio. In generale i molteplici interessi commerciali legati alle certificazioni o "autocertificazioni" hanno generato, in questi ultimi anni, confusione nelle società  sportive e negli enti che gestiscono impianti sportivi tra il concetto di qualità  (come cultura e occasione di miglioramento) e quello di "certificazione di qualità". In tale contesto "l'apparire" è divenuto più importante dell'"essere" perchè, la maggiore attenzione all'uso di tecniche piuttosto che all'approfondimento dei principi manageriali grazie ai quali è possibile fare qualità , ha finito per banalizzarne il concetto. Ma se il cliente/utente (interno o esterno) è insoddisfatto nonostante il rispetto di standard e specifiche da parte dell'azienda si può ancora parlare di qualità ?