Turbulence as a driver for vertical plankton distribution in the subsurface upper ocean

[EN] Vertical distributions of turbulent energy dissipation rates and fluorescence were measured simultaneously with a high-resolution micro-profiler in four different oceanographic regions, from temperate to polar and from coastal to open waters settings. High fluorescence values, forming a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), were often located in weakly stratified portions of the upper water column, just below layers with maximum levels of turbulent energy dissipation rate. In the vicinity of the DCM, a significant negative relationship between fluorescence and turbulent energy dissipation rate was found. We discuss the mechanisms that may explain the observed patterns of planktonic biomass distribution within the ocean mixed layer, including a vertically variable diffusion coefficient and the alteration of the cells sinking velocity by turbulent motion. These findings provide further insight into the processes controlling the vertical distribution of the pelagic community and position of the DCM.

Recent changes in subsurface temperature and salinity in the Canary region

[EN]Based on hydrographic sections carried out during the last decade in the Canary region at 29° 10′N, we show that there has been a statistically significant rise in temperature and salinity on isobars between 1500 and 2300 db. The maximum increase, found at 1600 db, is occurring at a rate of 0.29°C and 0.047 per decade. Isobaric change decomposition into changes on neutral surfaces and changes due to the vertical displacement of the isoneutrals was performed. Results reveal that the lower part of North Atlantic Central Water (NACW) cooled and freshened on neutral surfaces, suggesting changes in the freshwater fluxes at the outcropping region. However, the signal in deep waters (1500–2300 db) was principally due to a downward displacement of the isoneutrals, although water mass modification is observed in the range of Mediterranean Water (MW) influence.

Meridional and zonal changes in water properties along the continental slope off central and northern Chile

[EN] The Humboldt-09 cruise covered a narrow meridional band along the Chilean continental slope (44?23º S). Here we use physical and biochemical data from a long meridional section (4000 km) and three short zonal sections (100 km) to describe the distribution of the different water masses found in this region. Six water masses were identified: Subantarctic Water (SAAW), Summer Subantarctic Water (SSAW), Subtropical Water (STW), Equatorial Subsurface Water (ESSW), Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), and Pacific Deep Water (PDW). For the first time, a novel set of source water mass properties (or water types) is introduced for SSAW, and nutrient and dissolved oxygen water types are proposed for all the water masses. Optimum multiparameter (OMP) analysis was used through an iterative process to obtain a sound definition of the water types that minimizes the residuals of the method. Both the classic OMP and the quasi-extended OMP models reproduced the data rather well. Finally, the spatial distribution of the different water masses was calculated with the quasi-extended OMP, which is not influenced by the respiration of organic matter. The distribution of the different water masses is presented over the meridional and zonal transects and in property-property diagrams. A smooth meridional transition from subantarctic to tropical and equatorial water masses is observed in this area. This transition takes place in surface, central, and intermediate waters over distances of the order of 1000 km. The meridional transition contrasts with the abrupt zonal changes found in the cross-slope direction, which are of comparable magnitude but over distances of the order of 100 km. Both AAIW and SAAW (fresh and well oxygenated) partially mix with the hypoxic ESSW and, therefore, play an important role in the ventilation of the southern part of the oxygen minimum zone.

Potential vorticity conserving flows and vortex-wave interaction : the role of vertical velocity and isopycnal diffusion on plankton heterogeneity

Programa de doctorado de oceanografía

Water masses and circulation in the surface layers of the Caribbean at 66ºW

[EN] A meridional hydrographic section was made in August–September 1997 at 66°W from the coast of Venezuela to Woods Hole aboard the R/V Knorr. In this report, we concentrate on near surface measurements in the Caribbean. The data show two distinct water masses with different origins. From approximately 14°N to Puerto Rico, Caribbean Surface Water and Subtropical Under Water with their source in the North Atlantic are found, as previously observed. From Venezuela to approximately 13°N, a less saline water mass with its source in the Tropics and South Atlantic is found. Within the southern portion of the section, two different velocity patterns are observed, namely, an eastward flow with a subsurface maximum near the coast of Venezuela, and a surface intensified westward jet with Velocities of 130 cm s−1 in midbasin.

Caracterización del comportamiento hidráulico y químico del picón como material para la depuración natural del estiércol líquido de rumiantes

[ES] Los efluentes ganaderos constituyen un beneficioso aporte de nutrientes para los cultivos, que es fundamental a la hora de garantizar la sostenibilidad de la gestión de las explotaciones ganaderas, pudiendo ocasionar graves problemas ambientales si se emplean mal. La intensificación agraria ha convertido los efluentes ganaderos de subproducto a residuo. Su tratamiento con materiales locales y tecnologías de baja intensidad es una solución de bajo coste financiero y energético. En el proyecto REAGUA se plantea la posibilidad de utilizar el “picón” (lapilli) como material para el tratamiento del estiércol líquido de rumiantes, para su posterior empleo en el riego enterrado de especies forrajeras y biocombustibles, actuando el suelo como medio de depuración avanzado. Para ello, se diseña un sistema en el que se aporte el efluente con un flujo subsuperficial vertical en un medio no saturado, que circule por tres fases (en serie). Para determinar las condiciones de manejo que optimicen el filtrado se caracterizó el comportamiento hidráulico del picón y su capacidad de eliminar sustancias. Utilizando tres columnas rellenas de picón y un efluente de rumiantes, las reducciones de la DQO, DBO5 y amonio, fósforo y SS superaron el 80, 90% y 95% respectivamente, obteniéndose valores asumibles para inyectarse al riego.

Ensayo de correlación entre los parámetros geofísicos e hidrológicos de los depósitos volcánicos de la Caldera de Bandama (Gran Canaria)

[EN]The geometry and the hydraulic conductivity of the unsaturated zone is difficult to study from traditional techniques, like samples from trenches that normally provide surficial data or boreholes, that are expensive and provide local information. Non-destructive geophysical techniques and among them the electrical resistivity tomography method can be applicable in volcanic areas, where the lava flows and pyroclastic deposits have a wide range of values depending on the degree of fracturing and weathering of lava flows, and porosity and texture of the pyroclastic deposits. In order to characterize the subsurface geology below the golf course of Bandama (Gran Canaria) has conducted a campaign of electrical resistivity tomography profiles.