Description of the behavior of dichloroalkanes-containing solutions with three [bXmpy][4] isomer, using the experimental information of thermodynamic properties, 1H-NMR spectral and the COSMO-RS methodology

[EN]This work studies the binaries of 1-butyl-X-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate [bXmpy][BF4] (X = 2, 3, and 4) with four 1,ω-dichloroalkanes, ω = 1−4, using the results obtained for the mixing properties hE and v E at two temperatures. The three isomers of the ionic liquid (IL) are weakly miscible with the 1,ω-dichloroalkanes when ω ≥ 5 and moderately soluble for ω = 4. The vE s of all the binaries present contractive effects, v E < 0, which are more pronounced with increasing temperature; the variation in vE with ω is positive, although this changes after ω = 4 due to problems of immiscibility

Experiencias preliminares de cultivo de crías de Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758) en Gran Canaria

[EN]Seahorses husbandry constitute an innovative aspect on the recovery of wild populations. In this study, two aeration levels were tested (normal and strong) in seahorse juveniles fed on Artemia. Survival and growth were evaluated. The results showed higher survivals (11% average) with strong aerations levels after 90 days. In addition, these juveniles were able to reproduce after 4 months, denoting the early sexual maturation of this species. However, sizes of second-generation larvae at day 0 were smaller compared with those produced by their parents

Human muscle net K(+) release during exercise is unaffected by elevated anaerobic metabolism, but reduced after prolonged acclimatization to 4,100 m

[EN] It was investigated whether skeletal muscle K(+) release is linked to the degree of anaerobic energy production. Six subjects performed an incremental bicycle exercise test in normoxic and hypoxic conditions prior to and after 2 and 8 wk of acclimatization to 4,100 m. The highest workload completed by all subjects in all trials was 260 W. With acute hypoxic exposure prior to acclimatization, venous plasma [K(+)] was lower (P < 0.05) in normoxia (4.9 +/- 0.1 mM) than hypoxia (5.2 +/- 0.2 mM) at 260 W, but similar at exhaustion, which occurred at 400 +/- 9 W and 307 +/- 7 W (P < 0.05), respectively. At the same absolute exercise intensity, leg net K(+) release was unaffected by hypoxic exposure independent of acclimatization. After 8 wk of acclimatization, no difference existed in venous plasma [K(+)] between the normoxic and hypoxic trial, either at submaximal intensities or at exhaustion (360 +/- 14 W vs. 313 +/- 8 W; P < 0.05). At the same absolute exercise intensity, leg net K(+) release was less (P < 0.001) than prior to acclimatization and reached negative values in both hypoxic and normoxic conditions after acclimatization. Moreover, the reduction in plasma volume during exercise relative to rest was less (P < 0.01) in normoxic than hypoxic conditions, irrespective of the degree of acclimatization (at 260 W prior to acclimatization: -4.9 +/- 0.8% in normoxia and -10.0 +/- 0.4% in hypoxia). It is concluded that leg net K(+) release is unrelated to anaerobic energy production and that acclimatization reduces leg net K(+) release during exercise.