Learning Democracy Together in School? : Student and Teacher Attitudes in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The principal aim of this study is to examine attitudes and values, through questionnaires, among students and teachers in the last grade of primary school (grade 8) regarding issues related to authoritarianism, democracy, human rights, children rights, conflict resolution and legislation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A second aim is to explore and analyze the role of the international community in the democratization and education processes in the light of globalization in this country through secondary sources of data, site visits and observations. Analysis of the student sample reveals suspicion towards democracy, especially when democracy was associated with politics and politicians. When the issue of democracy was de-contextualized from Bosnia and Herzegovina realities in the questionnaire, students showed more positive attitudes towards it. Students generally agreed with very strong authoritarian statements. High achieving students were more democratic, more socially responsible, more tolerant regarding attitudes towards religion, race and disabilities, and less authoritarian compared to low achievers. High achievers felt that they had influence over daily events, and were positive towards social and civil engagement. High achievers viewed politics negatively, but had high scores on the democracy scale. High achievers also agreed to a larger extent that it is acceptable to break the law. The more authoritarian students were somewhat more prone to respond that it is not acceptable to break the law. The major findings from the teacher sample show that teachers who agreed with non-peaceful mediation, and had a non-forgiving and rigid approach to interpersonal conflicts, also agreed with strong authoritarian statements and were less democratic. In general, teachers valued students who behave respectfully, have a good upbringing and are obedient. They were very concerned about the general status of education in society, which they felt was becoming marginalized. Teachers were not happy with the overloaded curricula and they showed an interest in more knowledge and skills to help children with traumatic war experiences. When asked about positive reforms, teachers were highly critical of, and dissatisfied with, the educational situation. Bosnia and Herzegovina is undergoing a transition from a state-planned economy and one party system to a market economy and a multi party system. During this transition, the country has become more involved in the globalization process than ever. Today the country is a semi-protectorate where international authorities intervene when necessary. The International community is attempting to introduce western democracy and some of the many complexities in this process are discussed in this study. Globalization processes imply contradictory demands and pressures on the education system. On one hand, economic liberalization has affected education policies —a closer alignment between education and economic competitiveness. On the other hand, there is a political and ideological globalization process underlying the importance of human rights, and the inclusiveness of education for all children. Students and teachers are caught between two opposing ideals — competition and cooperation.

International Experiences – is there an effect on intercultural sensitivity? : An explorative study conducted at Stockholm University

The presented research is an explorative study, aimed to identify differences in intercultural sensitivity of Swedish students with international experience, Swedish students with no international experiences and international students studying at Stockholm University. The research is placed within the field of higher education. International experiences are seen to be a key to intercultural competences and it is universities who need to prepare students for the demands of the globalized job market. The research is of qualitative nature and relevant data was collected by the means of semi- structured interviews. The data was coded according to qualitative thematic analysis and then analyzed and discussed in accordance to the researcher questions and existing literature in this field. The study revealed that there is no general difference in intercultural sensitivity between the three groups analyzed. However, international students show higher sensitivity in terms of respect of cultural differences and open-mindedness, while students with no international experiences show less sensitivity in terms of interaction involvement and suspending judgment. The identified themes offer valuable information on individual perceptions of cultural differences. This information can be used to improve measures and actions to increase intercultural sensitivity at Stockholm University.

International Sensations : Representationen av nationalitet i World Wrestling Entertainment

Denna uppsats intresserar sig för professional wrestling och då specifikt bolaget World Wrestling Entertainment, WWE. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur nationalitet representeras i World Wrestling Entertainments produkt. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk består utav tre olika författare. Dessa tre är Michael Billig, Stuart Hall och Roland Barthes. Från Michael Billig används begreppen 'hot and banal nationalism' för att definiera nationalism. Från Stuart Hall hämtas teorier om 'representation', vad det är och hur det fungerar samt olika perspektiv på varför det är intressant att studera 'olikhet'. Slutligen använder sig uppsatsen utav Roland Barthes artikel Le monde où l'on catche, the World of Wrestling i den engelska översättningen, som analyserar wrestling på ett semiotiskt vis. Många av de teorier som Barthes presenterar i denna artikel är relevanta än idag trots att han skrev artikeln på 1950-talet. Uppsatsens frågeställning kommer att undersökas genom en multimodal analys. En multimodal analys lämpar sig väl för ett så visuellt fenomen som wrestling. Det möjliggör även för studier av de rent textuella elementen i programmen och inte bara det visuella. Materialet består utav de inledande videomontagen från två olika wrestlingmatcher. Båda matcherna är hämtade från WWEs största årliga pay-per-view Wrestlemania som gått av stapeln varje år sedan år 1985. Den ena matchen är hämtad från Wrestlemania 29 år 2013 och den andra är hämtad från Wrestlemania 31 år 2015. Båda matcherna inkluderar icke-amerikanska karaktärer. Den första matchen ser amerikanen Jack Swagger möta mexikanen Alberto Del Rio och den andra matchen ser amerikanen John Cena möta den ryske Rusev. Efter analysen kunde slutsatsen dras att vad gällde de matcher som analyserats framställdes de ickeamerikanska karaktärerna varken positivt eller negativt. Vad analysen lyckades komma fram till var att de icke-amerikanska karaktärerna var där för att reproducera en bild av den amerikanska nationella identiteten och att de icke-amerikanska karaktärernas nationaliteter egentligen inte var relevanta. Det relevanta var det faktum att de var just icke-amerikaner. Deras faktiska nationaliteter behandlades inte i någon större utsträckning i materialet. Materialet verkade mest kretsa kring USA och dess nationella identitet.

News framing in different language versions of state-sponsored international media : A case of Russian and English versions in RT and Radio Liberty

The current paper examines the dissimilarities that have occurred in news framing by state-sponsored news outlets in their different language versions. The comparative framing analysis is conducted on the news coverage of the Russian intervention in Syria (2016) in RT and Radio Liberty in Russian and English languages. The certain discrepancies in framing of this event are found in both news outlets. The strongest distinction between Russian and English versions occurred in framing of responsibility and humanitarian crisis in Syria. The study attempts to explain the identified differences in a framework of public diplomacy and propaganda studies. The existing theories explain that political ideology and foreign policy orientation influences principles of state propaganda and state-sponsored international broadcasting. However, the current findings suggest that other influence factors may exist in the field – such as the local news discourse and the journalistic principles. This conclusion is preliminary, as there are not many studies with the comparable research design, which could support the current discussion. The studies of localized strategies of the international media (whether private networks or state-funded channels) can refine the current conclusions and bring a new perspective to global media studies.