Synthesis, structure and conformation of oligo- and polysaccharides

Carbohydrates are a complex group of biomolecules with a high structural diversity. Their almost omnipresent occurrence has generated a broad field of research in both biology and chemistry. This thesis focuses on three different aspects of carbohydrate chemistry, synthesis, structure elucidation and the conformational analysis of carbohydrates. The first paper describes the synthesis of a penta- and a tetrasaccharide related to the highly branched capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 37. In the second paper, the structure of the O-antigenic repeating unit from the lipopolysaccharide of E. coli 396/C1 was determined along with indications of the structure of the biological repeating unit. In addition, its structural and immunological relationship with E. coli O126 is discussed. In the third paper, partially protected galactopyranosides were examined to clarify the origin of an intriguing 4JHO,H coupling, where a W-mediated coupling pathway was found to operate. In the fourth paper, the conformation of methyl a-cellobioside is studied with a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and NMR spectroscopy. In addition to the expected syn-conformation, detection and quantification of anti-ø and anti-ψ conformers was also possible.

Age-Related Olfactory Decline is Associated with the BDNF Val66met Polymorphism : Evidence from a Population-Based Study

The present study investigates the effect of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) val66met polymorphism on change in olfactory function in a large scale, longitudinal population-based sample (n = 836). The subjects were tested on a 13 item force-choice odor identification test on two test occasions over a 5-year-interval. Sex, education, health-related factors, and semantic ability were controlled for in the statistical analyses. Results showed an interaction effect of age and BDNF val66met on olfactory change, such that the magnitude of olfactory decline in the older age cohort (70–90years old at baseline) was larger for the val homozygote carriers than for the met carriers. The older met carriers did not display larger age-related decline in olfactory function compared to the younger group. The BDNF val66met polymorphism did not affect the rate of decline in the younger age cohort (45–65years). The findings are discussed in the light of the proposed roles of BDNF in neural development and maintenance.

Museers arbete med strategisk kommunikation och digitala medier : En kvalitativ studie av tre museimyndigheter i Stockholm

Museisektorn står idag inför utmaningar som kräver att museerna anpassar sina kommunikativa strategier för att hålla sig aktuella och kunna tävla om publikens uppmärksamhet. Då museerna har mycket att vinna på att arbeta med strategisk kommunikation och tidigare studier visat att museer i andra länder har dåligt utvecklade kommunikativa strategier, ämnar denna uppsats undersöka på vilket sätt museer i Stockholm Stad arbetar med strategisk kommunikation för att nå de mål de har satt upp i sina visioner samt vilken roll de nya digitala och sociala medierna spelar i detta arbete. De digitala och sociala medierna öppnar nämligen idag upp för nya sätt att bedriva strategisk kommunikation i och med att de möjliggör en två-vägs kommunikation som inte tidigare varit möjlig.  I sökandet efter svar har tre kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts med kommunikationspersonal på museer i Stockholms Stad.  Genom att koppla resultatet från dessa intervjuer till teori och tidigare studier har slutsatsen dragits att museerna arbetar tydligt med strategisk kommunikation i vissa aspekter av kommunikationen samtidigt andra delar av kommunikationen utmärks av ett tydligt marknadsföringstänk. Arbetet med de digitala och sociala medierna präglas av visionerna och således ett strategiskt tänk, dock utnyttjas inte potentialen till relationsfrämjande dialog vilket gör att dessa medier bara blir ännu en kanal för museerna att nå ut till publiken.

Second-Order Risk Constraints

This paper discusses how numerically imprecise information can be modelled and how a risk evaluation process can be elaborated by integrating procedures for numerically imprecise probabilities and utilities. More recently, representations and methods for stating and analysing probabilities and values (utilities) with belief distributions over them (second order representations) have been suggested. In this paper, we are discussing some shortcomings in the use of the principle of maximising the expected utility and of utility theory in general, and offer remedies by the introduction of supplementary decision rules based on a concept of risk constraints taking advantage of second-order distributions.