Usina de geração distribuída de energia elétrica através da incineração de resíduos sólidos com operação ilhada

O trabalho em questão apresenta uma proposta do suprimento de energia elétrica de um alimentador de distribuição pela operação isolada de uma usina geradora de energia elétrica que utiliza como fonte primária a energia calorífica da incineração de resíduos sólidos urbanos. O suprimento proposto é sugerido após a constatação do esgotamento da capacidade da subestação supridora desse alimentador. O esgotamento é verificado a partir de simulações realizadas no sistema de distribuição real da Rede Celpa, localizado na região Nordeste do Estado do Pará, o qual atende os municípios Santa Izabel do Pará, Santo Antonio do Tauá, Colares, Vigia e São Caetano de Odivelas. Nas simulações é utilizado um programa de fluxo de carga desenvolvido especificamente para os sistemas radias de distribuição e da subtransmissão. A proposta de suprimento via geração de energia elétrica através da incineração dos resíduos sólidos urbanos se dá a partir do confronto entre as alternativas de expansão (a alternativa técnica normalmente praticada pela concessionária) e a alternativa técnica-econômica-ambiental sugerida neste trabalho que demonstra as vantagens econômicas, sociais e ambientais da proposta.

Preliminary risk analysis applied to the handling of health-care waste

Between 75% and 90% of the waste produced by health-care providers no risk or is "general" health-care waste, comparable to domestic waste. The remaining 10-25% of health-care waste is regarded as hazardous due to one or more of the following characteristics: it may contain infectious agents, sharps, toxic or hazardous chemicals or it may be radioactive. Infectious health-care waste, particularly sharps, has been responsible for most of the accidents reported in the literature. In this work the preliminary risks analysis (PRA) technique was used to evaluate practices in the handling of infectious health-care waste. Currently the PRA technique is being used to identify and to evaluate the potential for hazard of the activities, products, and services from facilities and industries. The system studied was a health-care establishment which has handling practices for infectious waste. Thirty-six procedures related to segregation, containment, internal collection, and storage operation were analyzed. The severity of the consequences of the failure (risk) that can occur from careless management of infectious health-care waste was classified into four categories: negligible, marginal, critical, and catastrophic. The results obtained in this study showed that events with critics consequences, about 80%, may occur during the implementation of the containment operation, suggesting the need to prioritize this operation. As a result of the methodology applied in this work, a flowchart the risk series was also obtained. In the flowchart the events that can occur as a consequence of a improper handling of infectious health-care waste, which can cause critical risks such as injuries from sharps and contamination (infection) from pathogenic microorganisms, are shown.