The prion protein and New World primate phylogeny

The PrPC prion protein contains 250 amino acids with some variation among species and is expressed in several cell types. PrPC is converted to PrPSc by a post-translational process in which it acquires amino acid sequences of three-dimensional conformation of -sheets. Variations in the prion protein gene were observed among 16 genera of New World primates (Platyrrhini), and resulted in amino acid substitutions when compared with the human sequence. Seven substitutions not yet described in the literature were found: W  R at position 31 in Cebuella, T  A at position 95 in Cacajao and Chiropotes, N S at position 100 in Brachyteles, L  Q at position 130 in Leontopithecus (in the sequence responsible for generating the -sheet 1), D  E at position 144 in Lagothrix (in the sequence responsible for the -helix 1), D G at position 147 in Saguinus (also located in the -helix 1 region), and M  I at position 232 in Alouatta. The phylogenetic trees generated by parsimony, neighbor-joining and Bayesian analyses strongly support the monophyletic status of the platyrrhines, but did not resolve relationships among families. However, the results do corroborate previous findings, which indicate that the three platyrrhine families radiated rapidly from an ancient split.

Associação de emissões vocais de macacos-prego (Cebus apella, Primate, Cebidae) a contextos comportamentais em cativeiro

A vocalização é uma importante forma de comunicação em primatas, pois a maioria das espécies vive em florestas densas, o que dificulta a comunicação visual à distância. A espécie Cebus apella apresenta um rico repertório de sinais vocais contextualizados a diversos comportamentos, como o forrageio alimentar, alerta a predadores, chamados de contato, chamados de corte, entre outros. Com o objetivo de elaborar um banco de dados (biblioteca sonora) de vocalizações de dezesseis indivíduos cativos da espécie Cebus apella, nós coletamos no biotério da Escola Experimental de Primatas, na Universidade Federal do Pará, vocalizações emitidas em ocorrências naturais (agonismo, contato) e em experimentos planejados (alimentação individual e alarme), editamos o material coletado e produzimos os sonogramas. Registramos e analisamos, pelo menos, dez emissões sonoras distintas agrupadas em diferentes contextos (alimentação, alarme, agonismo, contato) e mapeamos os comportamentos que não foram acompanhados de vocalizações. Foram feitas análises estatísticas das diferenças entre os chamados de machos e fêmeas na situação de alimentação individual. Nossos dados confirmaram que a espécie Cebus apella, possui um repertório vocal extenso, com chamados diferentes relacionados a comportamentos particulares, diferenças sexuais nos chamados e combinação de unidades sonoras, o que está de acordo com as indicações de plasticidade cerebral e complexidade social da espécie.

Myxidium volitans sp. nov., a parasite of the gallbladder of the fish, Dactylopterus volitans (Teleostei: Triglidae) from the Brazilian Atlantic coast: morphology and pathology

Myxidium volitans sp. nov. (Myxozoa: Myxidiidae) parasitizing the hypertrophied green-brownish gallbladder of the teleost Dactylopterus volitans, collected in the Atlantic coast near Niterói, Brazil was described based on ultrastructural studies. The spores were fusiform, sometimes slightly crescent-shaped on average 21.7 ± 0.3 µm (mean ± standard deviation) (n = 50) long and 5.6 ± 0.4 µm (n = 30) wide. The spore wall was thin and smooth, comprising two equally-sized valves joined by a hardly visible sutural ridge. Spores containing two pyriform polar capsules (PC) (5.0 ± 0.4 × 2.3 ± 0.3 µm) (n = 30) are situated in each extremity of the spore. The PC wall was composed of hyaline layer (0.20-0.29 µm thick) and by a thin external granular layer. Each PC contains a polar filament (PF) with irregular arrangements that was projected from its apical region to the bases of PC and coiled laterally from bases to the tip of PC. Some regular striations and S-like structures in the periphery of the PFs with four-five irregular sections were observed. Based on the spore morphology, ultrastructural differences and the specificity of the host we describe this parasite as a new myxosporidian, named M. volitans sp. nov.