Revisão sistemática e biogeografia da espécie politípica campylorhamphus procurvoides

A última revisão do gênero Campylorhamphus (realizada por Zimmer em 1934), definiu a espécie politípica C. procurvoides como constituída pelos seguintes táxons de diagnose tradicionalmente difícil, feita principalmente com base em caracteres de plumagem: C. p. procurvoides, C. p multostriatus, C. p. probatus, C. p. sanus e C. p. successor. O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar a sistemática desta espécie politípica através da descrição da variação geográfica e análise crítica da validade dos táxons atualmente reconhecidos, utilizando-se caracteres morfológicos e moleculares. A análise molecular indicou com forte apoio estatístico que a espécie politípica de C. procurvoides é polifilética, uma vez que os táxons nela agrupados se encontram distribuídos em três clados distintos e não proximamente relacionado dentro do gênero Campylorhamphus. Uma análise combinada dos caracteres morfológicos e genéticos possibilitou a diagnose objetiva dos táxons procurvoides, ultostriatus, probatus e sanus, mas não de successor, que foi sinonimizada com um táxon agrupado numa outra espécie politípica (C. t. notabilis); esta mesma análise indicou a existência de dois táxons distintos previamente não reconhecidos e que aqui são diagnosticados e referidos como taxon novum 1 e táxon novum 2. Com base nas suas relações fologenéticas e diagnose consistente, os táxons considerados válidos nesta revisão e tradicionalmente tratados como subespécies de C. procurvoides, são aqui elevados ao nível de espécie com base no Conceito Filético Geral de Espécie.

HLA-Bw4-B*57 and Cw*18 alleles are associated with plasma viral load modulation in HIV-1 infected individuals in Salvador, Brazil

Host genetic factors play an important role in mediating resistance to HIV-1 infection and may modify the course of infection. HLA-B alleles (Bw4 epitope; B*27 and B*57) as well as killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors have been associated with slow progression of HIV-1 infection. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between serological epitopes HLA-Bw4 and HLA-Bw6 and prognostic markers in AIDS. METHODS: 147 HIV-infected individuals in Bahia, Northeast Brazil, were genotyped for HLA class I locus. HLA class I genotyping was performed by hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes following amplification of the corresponding HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C genes. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact and ANOVA tests for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. RESULTS: We detected a significant association (χ2 = 4.856; p = 0.018) between the presence of HLA-Bw4 and low levels of viremia. Eighteen out of the 147 HIV-infected individuals presented viremia <1,800 copies/mL and 129 presented viremia > 2,000 copies/mL. Ninety and four percent (17/18) of all individuals with viremia < 1,800 copies/mL carried HLA-Bw4, compared to 67.4% (87/129) of individuals with viremia > 2,000 copies/mL. Additionally, we found a significantly higher frequency of B*57 (OR = 13.94; 95% CI = 4.19-46.38; p < 0.0001) and Cw*18 (OR = 16.15; 95% CI = 3.46-75.43; p < 0.0001) alleles, favoring the group with lower viremia levels, in comparison with those with higher viral load. CONCLUSION: HLA-Bw4-B*57 and Cw*18 alleles are associated with lower level of viral load in HIV-infected Brazilian patients. These findings may help us in understanding the determinants of HIV evolution in Brazilian patients, as well as in providing important information on immune response correlates of protection for such population.

Identification of blood meal sources of Lutzomyia longipalpis using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the cytochrome B gene

An analysis of the dietary content of haematophagous insects can provide important information about the transmission networks of certain zoonoses. The present study evaluated the potential of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome B (cytb)gene to differentiate between vertebrate species that were identified as possible sources of sandfly meals. The complete cytb gene sequences of 11 vertebrate species available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database were digested with Aci I, Alu I, Hae III and Rsa I restriction enzymes in silico using Restriction Mapper software. The cytb gene fragment (358 bp) was amplified from tissue samples of vertebrate species and the dietary contents of sandflies and digested with restriction enzymes. Vertebrate species presented a restriction fragment profile that differed from that of other species, with the exception of Canis familiaris and Cerdocyon thous. The 358 bp fragment was identified in 76 sandflies. Of these, 10 were evaluated using the restriction enzymes and the food sources were predicted for four: Homo sapiens (1), Bos taurus (1) and Equus caballus (2). Thus, the PCR-RFLP technique could be a potential method for identifying the food sources of arthropods. However, some points must be clarified regarding the applicability of the method, such as the extent of DNA degradation through intestinal digestion, the potential for multiple sources of blood meals and the need for greater knowledge regarding intraspecific variations in mtDNA.