Enzyme replacement therapy for Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I among patients followed within the MPS Brazil Network

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a rare lysosomal disorder caused by deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase. Few clinical trials have assessed the effect of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for this condition. We conducted an exploratory, open-label, non-randomized, multicenter cohort study of patients with MPS I. Data were collected from questionnaires completed by attending physicians at the time of diagnosis (T1; n = 34) and at a median time of 2.5 years later (T2; n = 24/34). The 24 patients for whom data were available at T2 were allocated into groups: A, no ERT (9 patients; median age at T1 = 36 months; 6 with severe phenotype); B, on ERT (15 patients; median age at T1 = 33 months; 4 with severe phenotype). For all variables in which there was no between-group difference at baseline, a delta of ≥ ± 20% was considered clinically relevant. The following clinically relevant differences were identified in group B in T2: lower rates of mortality and reported hospitalization for respiratory infection; lower frequency of hepatosplenomegaly; increased reported rates of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hearing loss; and stabilization of gibbus deformity. These changes could be due to the effect of ERT or of other therapies which have also been found more frequently in group B. Our findings suggest MPS I patients on ERT also receive a better overall care. ERT may have a positive effect on respiratory morbidity and overall mortality in patients with MPS I. Additional studies focusing on these outcomes and on other therapies should be performed.

Mucopolysaccharidoses in northern Brazil: targeted mutation screening and urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion in patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are rare lysosomal disorders caused by the deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes responsible for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degradation. Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) has been shown to reduce accumulation and urinary excretion of GAG, and to improve some of the patients' clinical signs. We studied biochemical and molecular characteristics of nine MPS patients (two MPS I, four MPS II and three MPS VI) undergoing ERT in northern Brazil. The responsiveness of ERT was evaluated through urinary GAG excretion measurements. Patients were screened for eight common MPS mutations, using PCR, restriction enzyme tests and direct sequencing. Two MPS I patients had the previously reported mutation p.P533R. In the MPS II patients, mutation analysis identified the mutation p.R468W, and in the MPS VI patients, polymorphisms p.V358M and p.V376M were also found. After 48 weeks of ERT, biochemical analysis showed a significantly decreased total urinary GAG excretion in patients with MPS I (p < 0.01) and MPS VI (p < 0.01). Our findings demonstrate the effect of ERT on urinary GAG excretion and suggest the adoption of a screening strategy for genotyping MPS patients living far from the main reference centers.

Responsividade à tetrahidrobiopterina em pacientes com deficiência de fenilalanina hidroxilase

OBJETIVO: Identificar indivíduos responsivos à tetrahibrobiopterina (BH₄) em uma amostra de pacientes brasileiros com hiperfenilalaninemia por deficiência de fenilalanina-hidroxilase (HPA-PAH). MÉTODOS: Estudo intervencional, amostragem por conveniência. Para serem incluídos no estudo, os pacientes deveriam: possuir diagnóstico bioquímico de HPA-PAH; ter idade ≥ 7 anos; estar em tratamento dietético; e apresentar níveis de fenilalanina (Phe) ≥ 6 mg/dL em todas as medidas realizadas no ano anterior à inclusão no estudo. Os níveis de Phe foram determinados por meio de espectrometria de massas in tandem no dia anterior (dia 1) e nos pontos de hora 0, 4 e 8 h (dia 2) e 24 h (dia 3) após ingestão de BH₄. Os critérios utilizados para definir responsividade ao BH₄ foram: critério 1-redução ≥ 30% de Phe após 8 h da administração de BH₄; e critério 2-redução ≥ 30% de Phe após 24 h da administração. RESULTADOS: Dezoito pacientes foram incluídos no estudo (mediana de idade = 14 anos, sexo masculino = 12). Cinco pacientes foram responsivos ao BH₄, sendo três (forma clássica: um; forma leve: dois) de acordo com ambos os critérios, e dois (forma clássica: um; forma não definida: um) de acordo com o critério 2. Os níveis de Phe plasmáticos do dia 1 não demonstraram variação nos pontos de hora (p = 0,523). Entretanto, quando comparamos os níveis de Phe nos pontos de hora dos dias 1 e 2, encontramos uma variação significativa (p = 0,006). A análise da associação genótipo-fenótipo confirmou o caráter multifatorial da responsividade ao BH₄. CONCLUSÃO: Os nossos achados estão de acordo com a literatura e indicam que um número relevante de pacientes brasileiros com HPA-PAH é responsivo à BH₄.