Genetic variability and efficiency of DNA microsatellite markers for paternity testing in horse breeds from the Brazilian Marajó archipelago

In this study, 15 microsatellite DNA loci used in comparative tests by the International Society for Animal Genetics were applied to the evaluation of genetic diversity and management, and the efficiency of paternity testing in Marajoara horses and Puruca ponies from the Marajó Archipelago. Based on the genotyping of 93 animals, mean allelic diversity was estimated as 9.14 and 7.00 for the Marajoara and Puruca breeds, respectively. While these values are similar to those recorded in most European breeds, mean levels of heterozygosity were much lower (Marajoara 49%, Puruca 40%), probably as a result of high levels of inbreeding in the Marajó populations. The mean informative polymorphic content of this 15-marker system was over 50% in both breeds, and was slightly higher in the Marajoara horses. The discriminative power and exclusion probabilities derived from this system were over 99% for both populations, emphasizing the efficacy of these markers for paternity testing and genetic management in the two breeds.

Identification of duplicates of cassava accessions sampled on the North Region of Brazil using microsatellite markers

Duplicatas costumam ocorrer em bancos de germoplasma e a sua identificação é necessária para facilitar o manejo dos bancos ativos de germoplasma (BAGs) e diminuir custos de manutenção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar duplicatas de mandioca determinadas previamente pela caracterização morfo-agronômica, em um BAG da Amazônia Oriental. Foram selecionados 36 acessos que se agrupavam em 13 grupos de similaridade morfo-agronômica para serem genotipados com 15 locos microssatélites. Todos os locos foram polimórficos, sendo obtidos 75 alelos, com média de cinco alelos por loco e H_E = 0,66. Foram encontrados 34 pares de genótipos que apresentaram perfis multilocos idênticos e a probabilidade de identidade genética foi de 1,1x10^-12 com probabilidade de exclusão de 99,9999%. Entre essas duplicatas, estão materiais coletados em épocas e locais diferentes, e com diferentes denominações e acessos com o mesmo nome coletados em diferentes locais e anos. O estudo identificou genótipos que vem sendo cultivados em diferentes locais e que vêm sendo mantidos pelos agricultores ao longo dos anos.

Assessing the genetic structure of Oryza glumaepatula populations with isozyme markers

To assess the genetic diversity and genetic structure parameters, nine populations of Oryza glumaepatula from the Amazon biome, four from the Pantanal biome, and one collected at Rio Xingu, Mato Grosso, totaling 14 populations and 333 individuals were studied with isozyme markers. Six loci were evaluated showing a moderate allozyme variability (A = 1.21, P = 20.7%, H_o = 0.005, H_e = 0.060). The populations from the Pantanal biome showed higher diversity levels than the Amazon biome. High genetic differentiation among the populations, expected for self-fertilizing species, was observed (F_ST=0.763), with lower differentiation found among the Pantanal populations (F_ST=0.501). The average apparent outcrossing rate was higher for the Pantanal populations (t _a = 0.092) than for the Amazonian populations (t _a = 0.003), while the average for the 14 populations was 0.047, in accordance with a self-fertilization mating system.

Genetic identification of bucktooth parrotfish Sparisoma radians (Valenciennes, 1840) (Labridae, Scarinae) by chromosomal and molecular markers

Parrotfishes (Labridae, Scarinae) comprise a large marine fish group of difficult identification, particularly during juvenile phase when the typical morphology and coloration of adults are absent. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test cytogenetic markers and DNA barcoding in the identification of bucktooth parrtotfish Sparisoma radians from the northeastern coast of Brazil. Sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) confirmed all studied samples as S. radians, and all showed high similarity (99-100%) with Caribbean populations. The karyotype of this species was divergent from most marine Perciformes, being composed of 2n = 46 chromosomes. These consisted of a large number of metacentric and submetacentric pairs with small amounts of heterochromatin and GC-rich single nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) not syntenic to 5S rDNA clusters. These are the first data about DNA barcoding in parrotfish from the Brazilian province and the first refined chromosomal analysis in Scarinae, providing useful data to a reliable genetic identification of S. radians.

A comparison of molecular markers to detect Lutzomyia longipalpis naturally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum

The aim of the present study was to detect natural infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in Lutzomyia longipalpis captured in Barcarena, state of Pará, Brazil, through the use of three primer sets. With this approach, it is unnecessary to previously dissect the sandfly specimens. DNA of 280 Lu. longipalpis female specimens were extracted from the whole insects. PCR primers for kinetoplast minicircle DNA (kDNA), the mini-exon gene and the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) gene of Leishmania were used, generating fragments of 400 bp, 780 bp and 603 bp, respectively. Infection by the parasite was found with the kDNA primer in 8.6% of the cases, with the mini-exon gene primer in 7.1% of the cases and with the SSU-rRNA gene primer in 5.3% of the cases. These data show the importance of polymerase chain reaction as a tool for investigating the molecular epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis by estimating the risk of disease transmission in endemic areas, with the kDNA primer representing the most reliable marker for the parasite.