Epidemiological and oral manifestations of HIV-positive patients in a specialized service in Brazil

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of oral lesions in HIV-positive patients attending the Specialized Service for Infectious-contagious Diseases and Parasitoses of the Health Secretariat of the State of Pará (URE-DIPE/SESPA), in the city of Belém, PA, Brazil. A total of 79 HIV-positive patients (53 males and 26 females) were examined. Clinical and epidemiological evaluations were done by correlating the lesions with gender, race, chronological age, risk behavior and prevailing immune status (CD4+ cells count). Lesion location and the presence of associated factors, such as alcohol use, smoking and denture wearing, were quantified individually for each type of lesion using a diagnostic pattern based on the clinical aspects. Approximately 47% of the patients (n=37) presented some type of oral lesion. Candidiasis (28%) and periodontal disease (28%) were the most common, followed by cervical-facial lymphadenopathy (17.5%). Other lesions observed were hairy leukoplakia, melanin hyperpigmentation, ulcerative stomatitis (aphthous), herpes simplex, frictional keratosis and pyogenic granuloma. This analysis presented some relevance as to the statistical data. Concerning CD4+ cells, most lesions manifested with the reduction of the CD count. There were a larger number of HIV-positive female heterosexual patients. Alcohol and/or smoking were strongly associated with the occurrence of hairy leukoplakia in these patients. Candidiasis and periodontal disease were the most common oro-regional clinical manifestations in the patients.

Cortical representation of the horizon in V1 and peripheral scaling in mammals with lateral eyes

In the present investigation we mapped the primary visual area of the South American diurnal rodent, Dasyprocta aguti, by standardized electrophysiological mapping techniques. In particular, we performed a series of mapping experiments of the visual streak in the primary visual cortex. We found that the representation of the visual streak in V1 is greatly expanded, the nasal 10 degrees of the visual streak representation occupies ten times more cortical area than equivalent areas in the central or temporal representation. Comparison of these data with those on the density of ganglion cells in the retina at corresponding locations in the visual field reveal a significant mismatch between these two variables. The nasal representation is greatly expanded along the horizontal meridian in V1 as compared to the central and temporal regions whereas the density of ganglion cells decreases with progression along the visual streak from central region towards the nasal or temporal visual field. A review of the available data reveals that all lateral-eyed mammals exhibit a similar mismatch between the retinal and cortical representation of the visual field, and this mismatches is greater in those species with well defined visual streaks such as rabbit and agouti.

Serological Evidence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II Coinfections in HIV-1 Positive Patients in Belém, State of Pará, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of HTLV-I/II and HIV-1 coinfections have been shown to be frequent, probably in consequence of their similar modes of transmission. This paper presents the prevalence of coinfection of HTLV among HIV-1 infected and AIDS patients in Belém, State of Pará, Brazil. A group of 149 patients attending the AIDS Reference Unit of the State Department of Health was tested for the presence of antibodies to HTLV-I/II using an enzyme immunoassay and the positive reactions were confirmed with a Western blot that discriminates between HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections. Four patients (2.7%) were positive to HTLV-I, seven (4.7%) to HTLV-II and one (0.7%) showed an indeterminate pattern of reaction. The present results show for the first time in Belém not only the occurrence of HTLV-II/HIV-1 coinfections but also a higher prevalence of HTLV-II in relation to HTLV-I. Furthermore, it also enlarges the geographical limits of the endemic area for HTLV-II in the Amazon region of Brazil.

Simulação computacional da adsorção dos poluentes benzeno, tolueno e p-xileno sobre carvão ativado

Os maiores problemas de contaminação de aquíferos e solos são atribuídos aos hidrocarbonetos monoaromáticos, que são os constituintes mais solúveis e mais móveis da fração de algumas substâncias, como por exemplo, da gasolina. Para a remoção destes contaminantes, a adsorção por carvão ativado é o método mais utilizado, pois o carvão apresenta uma habilidade significativa para adsorver componentes orgânicos de baixo peso molecular, como o benzeno, o tolueno e o p-xileno. Neste trabalho, verificou-se a adsorção dos mesmos sobre carvão ativado via simulação computacional. Como base, utilizou-se o modelo postulado de carvão preparado por Bourke et al. (2007). Várias etapas foram concluídas desde os modelos das estruturas do carvão e dos poluentes até as simulações de dinâmica molecular. Para a análise conformacional da estrutura do carvão, foi utilizado o método semi-empírico PM3 e para o processo de dinâmica, o campo de força AMBER FF99SB. A estrutura passou por um aquecimento, à pressão constante, até alcançar uma temperatura final de 298K (25ºC), sendo suas informações coletadas a cada 50ps. Posteriormente, a estrutura foi submetida a equilíbrio de sistema, à temperatura constante de 298K (25ºC), por 500ps para então suas informações serem analisadas. Por fim, o sistema foi então submetido à dinâmica molecular durante 15 ns. Após análise dos resultados, constatou-se que os grupos éter, lactona e carbonila (cetona) presentes na estrutura de carvão ativado conferem caráter ácido à mesma e devido a isto e à sua consequente carga superficial negativa, a adsorção tornou-se viável uma vez que os poluentes apresentavam carga superficial positiva, o que corrobora o entendimento que já se tem a respeito desse tipo de fenômeno.