A prática de ensino de física no ensino médio e o conceito de proporcionalidade: conexão fundamental na construção e (re)construção de conhecimentos

Nesta dissertação buscou-se refletir sobre as dificuldades de professores e alunos com relação ao ensino e à prendizagem de Física no ensino médio (EM). Construída à luz da Teoria Antropológica do Didático de Yves Chevallard, esta dissertação teve por objetivo apontar caminhos para a construção de nova(s) praxeologia(s) que considerem a (re)ligação/articulação dos vários conteúdos de Física, principalmente os do primeiro ano do EM, com a Matemática, evocando particularmente os conceitos de proporcionalidade e a regra de três algebrizada, para auxiliar na compreensão dos fenômenos físicos observáveis no dia-a-dia. Por meio de entrevista semi estruturada com 5 (cinco) professores que lecionam Física no ensino médio, em São Miguel do Guamá, estado do Pará, buscou-se entender, que tipo de relação estes estabeleciam entre a Física e os conceitos de proporcionalidade e destes com os fenômenos físicos. Por meio da análise das entrevistas constatou-se que a articulação entre a Física e a Matemática, com a intenção de compreender os fenômenos físicos, não era comum na prática de ensino dos professores de Física no ensino médio.

Profile of micronucleus frequencies and nuclear abnormalities in different species of electric fishes (Gymnotiformes) from the Eastern Amazon

The frequency of spontaneous micronucleus (MN) formation in fish species needs to be determined to evaluate their usefulness for genotoxic biomonitoring. The definition of a good bioindicator takes into account the current knowledge of its metabolic traits as well as other factors including its feeding behavior and relationship to the environment. In this study, we compared the basal frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes and nuclear abnormalities (NA) among different species of the fish Order Gymnotiformes (Rhamphichthys marmoratus, Steatogenys elegans, Sternopygus macrurus, Parapteronotus hasemani, Gymnotus mamiraua, Gymnotus arapaima, Brachyhypopomus beebei, Brachyhypopomus n. sp. BENN) sampled in several localities of the Eastern Amazon. A baseline of MN and NA frequency in these fish was determined, enabling the identification of potentially useful species as models for genotoxicity studies. Only one impacted sample collected at a site in the River Caripetuba showed a significant number of NAs, which may be due to the release of wastewater by neighbouring mining industries and by the burnt fuel released by the small boats used by a local community. Our results may provide support for further studies in areas of the Eastern Amazon affected by mining, deforestation and other anthropogenic activities.

Studies of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in red blood cells of Colossoma macropomum exposed to methylmercury

The frequencies of micronuclei (MN) and morphological nuclear abnormalities (NA) in erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), treated with 2 mg.L^-1 methylmercury (MeHg), were analyzed. Two groups (nine specimens in each) were exposed to MeHg for different periods (group A - 24 h; group B - 120 h). A third group served as negative control (group C, untreated; n = 9). Although, when compared to the control group there were no significant differences in MN frequency in the treated groups, for NA, the differences between the frequencies of group B (treated for 120 h) and the control group were extremely significant (p < 0.02), thus demonstrating the potentially adverse effects of MeHg on C. macropomum erythrocytes after prolonged exposure.