Modulation of nociceptive-like behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio) by environmental stressors

Zebrafish have been demonstrated to react consistently to noxious chemical stimuli and present reliable phenotypes of stress, fear, and anxiety. In this article, we describe the modulation of nociceptive-like responses of zebrafish to fear-, stress-, and anxiety-eliciting situations. Animals were exposed to an alarm substance, confinement stress, or a novel environment before being injected with 1% acetic acid in the tail. The alarm substance and confinement stress reduced the display of erratic movements and tail-beating behavior elicited by acetic acid. The novelty of the environment, in contrast, increased the frequency of tail-beating behavior. The results suggest that descending modulatory control of nociception exists in zebrafish, with apparent fear- and stress-induced analgesia and anxiety-induced hyperalgesia.

HLA-Bw4-B*57 and Cw*18 alleles are associated with plasma viral load modulation in HIV-1 infected individuals in Salvador, Brazil

Host genetic factors play an important role in mediating resistance to HIV-1 infection and may modify the course of infection. HLA-B alleles (Bw4 epitope; B*27 and B*57) as well as killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors have been associated with slow progression of HIV-1 infection. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between serological epitopes HLA-Bw4 and HLA-Bw6 and prognostic markers in AIDS. METHODS: 147 HIV-infected individuals in Bahia, Northeast Brazil, were genotyped for HLA class I locus. HLA class I genotyping was performed by hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes following amplification of the corresponding HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C genes. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact and ANOVA tests for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. RESULTS: We detected a significant association (χ2 = 4.856; p = 0.018) between the presence of HLA-Bw4 and low levels of viremia. Eighteen out of the 147 HIV-infected individuals presented viremia <1,800 copies/mL and 129 presented viremia > 2,000 copies/mL. Ninety and four percent (17/18) of all individuals with viremia < 1,800 copies/mL carried HLA-Bw4, compared to 67.4% (87/129) of individuals with viremia > 2,000 copies/mL. Additionally, we found a significantly higher frequency of B*57 (OR = 13.94; 95% CI = 4.19-46.38; p < 0.0001) and Cw*18 (OR = 16.15; 95% CI = 3.46-75.43; p < 0.0001) alleles, favoring the group with lower viremia levels, in comparison with those with higher viral load. CONCLUSION: HLA-Bw4-B*57 and Cw*18 alleles are associated with lower level of viral load in HIV-infected Brazilian patients. These findings may help us in understanding the determinants of HIV evolution in Brazilian patients, as well as in providing important information on immune response correlates of protection for such population.

Famílias de crianças com deficiência mental no contexto ribeirinho amazônico: percepções de pais moradores da Ilha de Combu - PA

O presente estudo partindo da perspectiva contextualista e adotando o modelo bioecológico do desenvolvimento buscou identificar as percepções compartilhadas entre pais de crianças com deficiência mental moradoras da Ilha do Combu, região ribeirinha amazônica. Foram acompanhadas as três famílias que tinham filhos cadastrados na Secretaria Municipal de Ensino de Belém e/ou diagnóstico que comprovava a deficiência mental. Os cuidados éticos tomados foram balizados na aprovação do projeto pela UFPA, no esclarecimento dos participantes sobre os objetivos e os riscos inócuos envolvidos assim como o sigilo de suas identidades. A aproximação da pesquisadora ao contexto investigado e às famílias participantes se deu via inserção ecológica. A coleta se dividiu em dois momentos distintos: primeiramente ocorreram visitas sistemáticas às famílias com a utilização do instrumento diário de campo, desse modo a pesquisadora buscou integrar-se ao ambiente estudado via interações sucessivas e regulares tornando-se o mais próximo possível daqueles que o constituem e no segundo momento ocorreu a aplicação do inventário sócio-demográfico e teste de identificação familiar – FIT. Os resultados apontaram condições diferenciadas de desenvolvimento dos filhos relacionadas às percepções compartilhadas pelos pais e as características contextuais presentes na Ilha. As identificações positivas associadas ao bom desempenho dos papéis e atividades estiveram ligadas às percepções de aceitação e pertencimento, aspectos observados na família de Ana. Nas demais famílias (Taciana e Alexandra) estiveram presentes conflitos e dificuldades que ressaltam os seguintes fatores: sobrecarga vivenciada nos cuidados aos filhos, percepções de estranhamento e incompreensão frente à deficiência, conflitos conjugais, rejeição do diagnóstico e identificações negativas. Conclui-se que as percepções compartilhadas pelos pais mostram-se ligadas ao suporte recebido durante o diagnóstico, aos papéis desempenhados na família, às características das crianças e aos aspectos contextuais presentes na cultura ribeirinha que pressupõe o isolamento marcado pela região alagada e conta com uma rede social composta por parentes que vivem na ilha há gerações.

Wavelength assignment using a hybrid evolutionary computation to reduce cross-phase modulation

In this paper, we propose a hybrid methodology based on Graph-Coloring and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to solve the Wavelength Assignment (WA) problem in optical networks, impaired by physical layer effects. Our proposal was developed for a static scenario where the physical topology and traffic matrix are known a priori. First, we used fixed shortest-path routing to attend demand requests over the physical topology and the graph-coloring algorithm to minimize the number of necessary wavelengths. Then, we applied the genetic algorithm to solve WA. The GA finds the wavelength activation order on the wavelengths grid with the aim of reducing the Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM) effect; the variance due to the XPM was used as a function of fitness to evaluate the feasibility of the selected WA solution. Its performance is compared with the First-Fit algorithm in two different scenarios, and has shown a reduction in blocking probability up to 37.14% when considered both XPM and residual dispersion effects and up to 71.42% when only considered XPM effect. Moreover, it was possible to reduce by 57.14% the number of wavelengths.