Questão agrária e macropolíticas para a Amazônia

OS enunciados estratégicos do Governo do PT iniciado em 2003 reafirmam a necessidade de desenvolvimento com base na expansão do mercado interno, modelo que, em suas linhas gerais, vem orientando discussões internas e atuações políticas do PT há muito tempo. Colocam, porém, duas novidades de grande significado: a elevação da estabilidade macroeconômica à condição de pressuposto e da sustentabilidade ambiental à condição de atributo do desenvolvimento. A combinação desses três elementos produz grandes desafios para o Governo Federal, podendo gerar inconsistências entre as soluções que se formam pensando o País e as condições particulares da questão amazônica. Urge descortinar tais inconsistências e indicar caminhos de sua superação.

A mass transfer model applied to the supercritical extraction with CO2 of curcumins from turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma longa L)

ABSTRACT: Increasing restrictions on the use of artificial pigments in the food industry, imposed by the international market, have increased the importance of raw materials containing natural pigments. Of those natural substances with potential applications turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma longa L), are one of the most important natural sources of yellow coloring. Three different pigments (curcumin, desmetoxycurcumin, and bis-desmetoxycurcumin) constitute the curcuminoids. These pigments are largely used in the food industry as substitutes for synthetic dyes like tartrazin. Extraction of curcuminoids from tumeric rhizomes with supercritical CO2 can be applied as an alternative method to obtain curcuminoids, as natural pigments are in general unstable, and hence degrade when submitted to extraction with organic solvents at high temperatures. Extraction experiments were carried out in a supercritical extraction pilot plant at pressures between 25 and 30 MPa and a temperature of 318 K. The influence of drying pretreatment on extraction yield was evaluated by analyzing the mass transfer kinetics and the content of curcuminoids in the extracts during the course of extraction. The chemical identification of curcuminoids in both the extract and the residual solid was performed by spectrophotometry. Mass transfer within the solid matrix was described by a linear first-order desorption model, while that in the gas phase was described by a convective mass transfer model. Experimental results showed that the concentration profile for curcuminoids during the supercritical extraction process was higher when the turmeric rhizomes were submitted to a drying pretreatment at 343 K.