Green-Markov models - new optimization strategies: a case study for user allocation in co-channel macro/femto networks

ABSTRACT: The femtocell concept aims to combine fixed-line broadband access with mobile telephony using the deployment of low-cost, low-power third and fourth generation base stations in the subscribers' homes. While the self-configuration of femtocells is a plus, it can limit the quality of service (QoS) for the users and reduce the efficiency of the network, based on outdated allocation parameters such as signal power level. To this end, this paper presents a proposal for optimized allocation of users on a co-channel macro-femto network, that enable self-configuration and public access, aiming to maximize the quality of service of applications and using more efficiently the available energy, seeking the concept of Green networking. Thus, when the user needs to connect to make a voice or a data call, the mobile phone has to decide which network to connect, using the information of number of connections, the QoS parameters (packet loss and throughput) and the signal power level of each network. For this purpose, the system is modeled as a Markov Decision Process, which is formulated to obtain an optimal policy that can be applied on the mobile phone. The policy created is flexible, allowing different analyzes, and adaptive to the specific characteristics defined by the telephone company. The results show that compared to traditional QoS approaches, the policy proposed here can improve energy efficiency by up to 10%.

Investigação espectroscópica dos carbonilos heterobimetálicos cis-[Fe(CO)4(HgX)2], X = Cl, Br, I

ABSTRACT: Spectroscopic studies of heterobimetallic carbonyls cis-[Fe(CO)₄(Hgx)₂], X=Cl, Br, I.The series of compounds cis-[Fe(CO)₄(HgX)₂], X=Cl,Br, I shows an octahedral geometry around the iron atom with the two HgX groups cis to each other. In this paper the assignment for the carbonyl stretching modes and the calculation of their force constants were performed on the basis of the Cotton-Krainhanzel model. Taking into account all the data from the IR, ¹⁹⁹Hg NMR and UV-vis spectra it is possible to verify the influence of X on the electronic densities at the metallic centers.

Aplicação de Al-PILC na adsorção de Cu2+, Ni2+ e Co<sup>2+ utilizando modelos físico-químicos de adsorção

Amostra de esmectita pertencente a Serra de Maicuru (Estado do Pará, Norte do Brasil, região amazônica) foi pilarizada com Al₁₃, A Argila pilarizada com alumínio (Al-PILC) foi caracterizada por DRX, MEV e EDS. Para a análise textural foram utilizadas isotermas de adsorção-desorção utilizando o nitrogênio. Este artigo é dirigido ao estudo da adsorção de metais pesados. A adsorção dos íons de Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺e Co<sup>2+ foi realizadas com a matriz Al-PILC em temperatura ambiente com soluções aquosas contendo os íons metálicos. Os modelos de adsorção adotados foram os de Langmuir, Freundlich e Temkin que foram aplicados aos valores obtidos experimentalmente com regressão linear. A equação de Langmuir foi o melhor modelo de linearização com r = 0,999. A equação de Freundlich apresentou limitações em altas concentrações, mas foram obtidos valores (K_f e n) bastante aceitáveis utilizando este modelo. Os parâmetros foram utilizados para calcular a quantidade de N_f em função de Cs.