Frequency of the Q192R and L55M polymorphisms of the human serum paraoxonase gene (PON1) in ten Amazonian Amerindian tribes

Human serum paraoxonase (PON1) is an esterase associated with high density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the plasma and may confer protection against coronary artery disease. Serum PON1 levels and activity vary widely among individuals and populations of different ethnic groups, such variations appearing to be related to two coding region polymorphisms (L55M and Q192R). Several independent studies have indicated that the polymorphism at codon 192 (the R form) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease in some populations, although this association has not been confirmed in other populations. Given the possible associations of these mutations with heart diseases and the fact that little or nothing is known of their prevalence in Amerindian populations, we investigated the variability of both polymorphisms in ten Amazonian Indian tribes and compared the variation found with that of other Asian populations in which both polymorphisms have been investigated. The results show that the LR haplotype is the most frequent and the MR haplotype is absent in all Amerindians and Asian populations. We also found that South America Amerindians present the highest frequency of the PON1192*R allele (considered a significant risk factor for heart diseases in some populations) of all the Amerindian and Asian populations so far studied.

Representações sociais sobre a Aids e a Terapia Anti-Retroviral: influências no tratamento de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids

Com o advento da Terapia Anti -Retroviral, a Aids assumiu características de doença crônica, em especial nos países onde o acesso aos medicamentos é efetivamente garantido. O Brasil é tomado como modelo por possuir um programa que tem dado boas respostas à epidemia. Em novembro de 1996, foi promulgada, pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a lei que dispõe sobre a obrigatoriedade do acesso gratuito a todos os que necessitarem de medicamentos anti -retrovirais. Os resultados obtidos com o tratamento – a redução progressiva da carga viral e a manutenção e/ou restauração do funcionamento do sistema imunológico – têm sido associados a benefícios marcantes na saúde física das pessoas soropositivas e permitido que elas retomem e concretizem seus projetos de vida. Porém, o acesso universal aos medicamentos que possibilita o tratamento para portadores do HIV gratuitamente ainda enfrenta problemas de adesão. Em uma compreensão mais restrita, adesão pode ser definida como o comportamento de uma pessoa – tomar remédio, seguir uma dieta ou fazer mudanças no estilo de vida – que corresponde às recomendações da equipe de saúde. Nesse contexto, esse estudo se propõe a analisar as representações sociais de sujeitos soropositivos sobre o tratamento anti-retroviral e suas implicações no processo de adesão a este tratamento, caracterizando as imagens e os sentidos que estes sujeitos soropositivos que aderiram ou não aderiram à terapia anti -retroviral possuem sobre este tipo de tratamento e as implicações na sua vida, destacando as objetivações e as ancoragens que compõem suas representações sociais. A metodologia foi pautada nas formulações teóricas sobre pesquisa qualitativa, priorizando -se a entrevista no enfoque do Método de Explicitação do Discurso Subjacente (MEDS), realizadas na Unidade de Referência em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias Especiais (UREDIPE), vinculada à Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do estado do Pará (SESPA) e no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto (HUJBB), mais especificamente na Clinica de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias (DIP).

Evaluation of the therapeutic response of hepatitis C in coinfected patients (HIV/HCV): a study of cases from a hospital for chronic liver diseases in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic response of hepatitis C in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). METHODS: A retrospective study of 20 patients coinfected with HIV-1/HCV who were treated in the outpatient liver clinic at the Sacred House of Mercy Foundation Hospital of Pará (Fundação Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Pará - FSCMPA) from April 2004 to June 2009. Patients were treated with 180µg PEG interferon-α2a in combination with ribavirin (1,000 to 1,250mg/day) for 48 weeks. The end point was the sustained virological response (SVR) rate (HCV RNA negative 24 weeks after completing treatment). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 40±9.5 years, of which 89% (n=17) were male, and the HCV genotypes were genotype 1 (55%, n=11/20), genotype 2 (10%, n=2/20) and genotype 3 (35%, n=7/20). The mean CD4+ lymphocyte count was 507.8, and the liver fibrosis stages were (METAVIR) F1 (25%), F2 (55%), F3 (10%) and F4 (10%). The early virological response (EVR) was 60%, the end-of-treatment virological response (EOTVR) was 45% and the SVR was 45%. CONCLUSIONS: The median HCV viral load was high, and in 85% of cases in which highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was used, none of the patients with F3-F4 fibrosis responded to treatment. Of the twenty patients treated, 45% achieved SVR and 45% achieved EOTVR. Studies that include cases from a wider region are needed to better evaluate these findings.