Otimização do processo de extração do óleo essencial de priprioca (Cyperus articulatus L.) por arraste com vapor

Analisa-se experimentalmente o processo de extração do óleo essencial de rizomas de priprioca (Cyperus articulatus L.) por arraste com vapor d’água saturado, em um protótipo em escala de bancada. Por meio de experimentos estatisticamente planejados, estimam-se as condições ótimas o processo de modo a maximizar as variáveis de resposta rendimento em óleo e teor de mustacona, componente majoritário do óleo essencial de priprioca, em função de variáveis operacionais de entrada do processo. As variáveis independentes e respectivos níveis são: carga de rizomas de priprioca, em gramas (64, 200, 400, 600, 736); granulometria dos rizomas, em milímetros (0,61; 1,015; 1,6; 2,19; 2,58) e tempo de extração, em minutos (40, 60, 90, 120, 140). Utilizando um planejamento composto central, com auxílio do aplicativo Statistica® 7.0, são propostos modelos matemáticos para as respostas em função das variáveis independentes isoladas e de suas combinações. Constata-se que o rendimento em óleo essencial e os teores de mustacona podem ser estimados adequadamente por modelos polinomiais de segunda ordem. São obtidos simultaneamente maiores rendimentos em óleo e teores de mustacona, quando a carga de rizomas varia de 105 a 400 gramas para tempos de extração compreendidos entre 105 e 140 minutos.

Influence of pitfall trap size and design on herpetofauna and small mammal studies in a Neotropical Forest

One of the most commonly used sampling techniques to capture leaf litter amphibians, lizards and small mammals is a set of pitfall traps with drift fences. However, there are still many speculations concerning the effectiveness of different designs of pitfall traps and the most adequate size of each trap. To address this problem, we conducted the first standardized comparison of patterns of species richness, rank-abundance, and community structure of leaf litter amphibians, lizards and small mammals for two trap designs (I and Y format) and three bucket sizes (35, 62, and 100 L) in a Neotropical forest. Results are very similar for the herpetofauna, regardless of the pitfall trap design or size used, while for small mammals values of species richness were higher for 100 L pitfall traps, as compared to the smaller traps. Therefore, the use of 100 L pitfall traps is recommended to sample the terrestrial vertebrate fauna, in multidisciplinary studies. For surveys aiming only the herpetofauna the use of smaller (35 L) traps is acceptable, taking into consideration the cost-benefits obtained by the smaller traps, in comparison to the larger ones.

Separation of satured and unsaturated fatty acids from palm fatty acids distillates in continuous multistage countercurrent columns with supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent: a process design methodology

In this work the separation of multicomponent mixtures in counter-current columns with supercritical carbon dioxide has been investigated using a process design methodology. First the separation task must be defined, then phase equilibria experiments are carried out, and the data obtained are correlated with thermodynamic models or empirical functions. Mutual solubilities, Ki-values, and separation factors aij are determined. Based on this data possible operating conditions for further extraction experiments can be determined. Separation analysis using graphical methods are performed to optimize the process parameters. Hydrodynamic experiments are carried out to determine the flow capacity diagram. Extraction experiments in laboratory scale are planned and carried out in order to determine HETP values, to validate the simulation results, and to provide new materials for additional phase equilibria experiments, needed to determine the dependence of separation factors on concetration. Numerical simulation of the separation process and auxiliary systems is carried out to optimize the number of stages, solvent-to-feed ratio, product purity, yield, and energy consumption. Scale-up and cost analysis close the process design. The separation of palmitic acid and (oleic+linoleic) acids from PFAD-Palm Fatty Acids Distillates was used as a case study.