4 resultados para Continuous synthesis by solution combustion
em Universidade Federal do Pará
Resumo:
O ácido γ-aminobutírico (GABA) e o glutamato são, respectivamente, os principais neurotransmissores inibitório e excitatório no Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) e são fundamentais para o processamento visual. Estudos revelam que o glutamato induz liberação de GABA na retina. Trabalhos prévios também apontam que compostos tióis regulam a liberação de GABA, mas ainda não são totalmente esclarecidos os efeitos de tióis (-SH) sobre os níveis endógenos deste neurotransmissor na retina. Neste intermédio, a glutationa (GSH) além de ser o mais importante dos compostos tióis, vem demonstrando exercer um papel neuromodulador na liberação de neurotransmissores. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar um possível efeito modulador de GSH sobre a liberação de GABA mediada por glutamato em retinas de embrião de galinha. Para isso, utilizamos como modelo experimental tecido retiniano íntegro de embrião de galinha, com sete ou oito dias de desenvolvimento. Nos ensaios de liberação de GABA, as retinas foram tratadas com GSH (100 e 500 μM); glutamato (50 e 500 μM) e Butionina Sulfoximina (BSO), inibidor da síntese de glutationa, (50 μM) por 15 minutos, e os níveis de GABA liberado para o meio extracelular foram quantificados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficácia (CLAE). Para experimentos de liberação de compostos tióis (–SH), as retinas foram incubadas com glutamato (100 μM) com ou sem Na+ por 15 minutos, e os seus níveis extracelulares foram determinados pela reação com DTNB e quantificados por espectrofotometria (412 nm). Os resultados revelam que o glutamato, assim como GSH, liberam GABA. Nossos dados também demonstram que BSO atenua a liberação de GABA promovida por glutamato. Além disso, demonstramos que glutamato induz liberação de compostos tióis independentemente de sódio. Sendo assim, é sabido que glutamato é capaz de liberar GABA e tióis; dentre estes, GSH é o mais abundante e responsável por também liberar GABA. Sabe-se também que uma vez inibida a síntese de GSH por BSO, a liberação de GABA induzida por glutamato é atenuada. Então, se sugere uma possível modulação de GSH na liberação de GABA induzida por glutamato, em retinas íntegras de embrião de galinha.
Resumo:
The influence of melatonin on the developmental pattern of functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors was investigated in embryonic 8-day-old chick retinal cells in culture. The functional response to acetylcholine was measured in cultured retina cells by microphysiometry. The maximal functional response to acetylcholine increased 2.7 times between the 4th and 5th day in vitro (DIV4, DIV5), while the Bmax value for 125I-a-bungarotoxin was reduced. Despite the presence of a8-like immunoreactivity at DIV4, functional responses mediated by a-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were observed only at DIV5. Mecamylamine (100 µM) was essentially without effect at DIV4 and DIV5, while dihydro-ß-erythroidine (10-100 µM) blocked the response to acetylcholine (3.0 nM-2.0 µM) only at DIV4, with no effect at DIV5. Inhibition of melatonin receptors with the antagonist luzindole, or melatonin synthesis by stimulation of D4 dopamine receptors blocked the appearance of the a-bungarotoxin-sensitive response at DIV5. Therefore, a-bungarotoxin-sensitive receptors were expressed in retinal cells as early as at DIV4, but they reacted to acetylcholine only after DIV5. The development of an a-bungarotoxin-sensitive response is dependent on the production of melatonin by the retinal culture. Melatonin, which is produced in a tonic manner by this culture, and is a key hormone in the temporal organization of vertebrates, also potentiates responses mediated by a-bungarotoxin-sensitive receptors in rat vas deferens and cerebellum. This common pattern of action on different cell models that express a-bungarotoxin-sensitive receptors probably reflects a more general mechanism of regulation of these receptors.
Resumo:
Empresas beneficiadoras de caulim geram resíduo caulinítico que é armazenado em lagoas de sedimentação, e ocupam grandes áreas físicas. O´aproveitamento deste resíduo é um fator importante do ponto de vista econômico e ambiental. Aqui é apresentado um estudo da síntese de zeólitas A, X e sodalita utilizando como matéria-prima um resíduo de caulim da Região Amazônica. O resíduo foi pré-tratado para a eliminação de matéria orgânica, cominuído e ativado termicamente a 750 °C por 2 horas. Ensaios de pré-zeolitização foram realizados em várias frações granulométricas do caulim ativado (metacaulim) a fim de se determinar a granulometria de síntese. Após esta etapa, empregou-se comparativamente dois métodos hidrotermais de obtenção de zeólitas: dinâmico e estático. Para a mistura reacional, utilizou-se a relação SiO2/Al2O3 de 2/1 e 3/1 para obtenção das zeólitas. Análises de caracterização por Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectrometria de Fluorescência de Raios-X (FRX) mostraram uma boa formação da fase zeolítica NaA para a razão 2/1, em ambos os métodos de síntese e sem envelhecimento da mistura, e boa formação da fase NaX para a razão 3/1, em síntese estática com envelhecimento de 12 horas. A fase sodalita foi obtida na mesma estequiometria da zeólita NaX, porém empregando síntese estática e sem envelhecimento.
Resumo:
ABSTRACT: In Guajará bay, mouth of the Amazon River, is located the capital of Pará state (Belém) and its metropolitan area. Exists in this area an intense boat traffic, as well as transportation and sale of fuels in floating docks and activities related to the storage and transportation of oil in Miramar Petrochemical Terminal (TEMIR). Small spills and discharges of oil in water can serve as sources of pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are organic compounds generated by incomplete combustion of organic matter (OM) and are among the contaminants of most interest in environmental studies due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. One way to detect and evaluate the impact of PAHs in an environment is using biomonitors, however the qualitative and quantitative analysis in sediments are most widely used. This study aimed to evaluate, by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), the 16 PAHs considered as priority by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States in sediments and benthic organisms (Namalicastys abiuma) of TEMIR. Field expeditions were carried out in December 2012, March, May and June 2013 representing the dried, wet (two samples) and dried seasons successively. Fine sediments levels dominated in both sampling periods and the %Fines in Guajará bays has a direct relationship to the %OM. In relation to the 16 PAHs studied, 10 of them were detected in the wet season sediments samples and 8 in the dried season. Even with a low diversity of aromatic compounds, sediment samples of the dried season presented greater ΣHPAs (1.351,43 ng g-1) than the sediments of the wet season (263,99 ng g-1), which can be related to the increased hydrodynamic in Guajará bay this last period. Correlation analysis indicated that ΣHPAs not seem to be influenced by %Fine and %OM. Benzo(a)pyrene accounted for 87% of ΣHPAs during the wet season, the other PAHs showed percentage ≤ 3%. During the other period stood out: pyrene (18% of ΣHPAs) fluoranthene (16%), the chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene (15%) and benzo(a)pyrene (11%). The use of the geochemical reason to interpret likely sources of PAHs indicated that there is a predominance of aromatics from pyrolytic origin in TEMIR. The activities that may be responsible for the PAHs levels observed in sediments and benthic organisms in TEMIR are the discharge of untreated domestic sewage and the emissions of particulates from cars and small/medium boats. The ΣHPAs seems to influence the density of polychaetes because a reduction of about 50% in the number of organisms was observed during the dry season when there was the greater amount of ΣHPAs in their body structure. Among the 16 PAHs studied, 11 were detected in the polychaetes during the dry season (ΣHPAsMED = 848,71 ng g-1) and 10 in the wet season (ΣHPAsMED = 141,85 ng g-1). Were highlighted during the dried season: indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (47%) and pyrene (23%). While in the wet season: pyrene (23%), chrysene (17%), fluorene (17%) and fluoranthene (13%). The %Rec obtained was >>100% indicating a matrix effect and reducing the quantitative accuracy of results. The use of the polychaete N. abiuma as biomonitor of pollution by PAHs in estuaries not seem to be effective when the sample period is limited, because collecting it requires a great effort to obtain a small amount of mass and it still results in a matrix effect in the chromatographic analysis (method %Rec >> 100%) that may not be corrected due to the restricted availability of sample mass. Studies with a larger number of samples, enabling depth statistical analysis, and covering other collection points in Guajará bay are required to prove mathematically that has been stated in this dissertation.