Comparative cytogenetic analysis in the species Uroderma magnirostrum and U. bilobatum (cytotype 2n = 42) (Phyllostomidae, Stenodermatinae) in the Brazilian Amazon

The genus Uroderma includes two species: U. magnirostrum and U. bilobatum. These species are characterized by their high degree of karyotypic evolution, diverging from most other species of the subfamily Stenodermatinae, which have a lower degree of chromosomic evolution. The present study reports the first banding patterns of U. magnirostrum (G-, C-banding and Ag-NOR) and U. bilobatum (C-banding and Ag-NOR). The chromosomic data in conventional staining of U. magnirostrum (2n = 36, NF = 62) and U. bilobatum (cytotype 2n = 42, NF = 50) are equivalent to that described in the literature. When compared, chromosomal homeologies are found in both karyotypes, as well as differences, confirming that karyotypic evolution in the Uroderma genus is intense. Fission, fusion, inversion or translocation events are required to explain the karyotypic evolution of this genus. The comparison of karyotype, described here, to one of the species of the genus Artibeus (2n = 30/31), suggests that some chromosomic forms are apomorphic and shared between the two species of Uroderma. This confirms the monophyly of the enus, and that U. magnirostrum presents a more primitive karyotype when compared to U. bilobatum

Comparative neurophysiology of spatial luminance contrast sensitivity

The luminance contrast sensitivity function has been investigated using behavioral and electrophysiological methods in many vertebrate species. Some features are conserved across species as a shape of the function, but other features, such as the contrast sensitivity peak value, spatial frequency contrast sensitivity peak, and visual acuity have changed. Here, we review contrast sensitivity across different classes of vertebrates, with an emphasis on the frequency contrast sensitivity peak and visual acuity. We also correlate the data obtained from the literature to test the power of the association between visual acuity and the spatial frequency of the contrast sensitivity function peak.

Comparative morphology of the first zoea of twelve brachyuran species (Crustacea: Decapoda) from the Amazon region

The laboratory-hatched first zoeal stage of twelve brachyuran species collected in the estuarine area of the Caeté River in the Amazonian region are described and illustrated in the present study: P. americanus Saussure, 1857, Eurytium limosum (Say, 1818), Sesarma curacaoense De Man, 1892, S. rectum Randall, 1840, Armases rubripes (Rathbun, 1897), Aratus pisonii (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius, 1787), Uca rapax (Smith, 1870), U. maracoani (Latreille, 1802), U. thayeri Rathbun, 1900, Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) and Pachygrapsus gracilis (Saussure, 1858). Through intraspecific comparisons of the respective larval stage, an identification key was generated and provided. Most of the studied species presented morphological differences (e.g. type and presence or absence of setae) when compared to the same species previously described in the literature.