Desafios, potencialidades e compromissos de uma experiência pedagógica para a formação cidadã: prática CTS construída a partir de uma ilha interdisciplinar de racionalidade sobre reciclagem do lixo urbano

A atual dinâmica sociocultural tem pressionado o ensino para formar cidadãos críticos e compromissados com o bem estar coletivo. Privilegiando esse tipo de formação, apresenta-se como alternativa na Educação em Ciências a prática pedagógica das Ilhas Interdisciplinares de Racionalidade (11 R) apoiada nas relações entre Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS). Na presente pesquisa, analiso a aplicação de uma IIR, cujo tema foi "reciclagem de lixo urbano", numa turma da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA). Esta investigação foi registrada em um diário de bordo, questionários e o produto elaborado pelos estudantes. Os resultados mostraram alguns desafios impostos aos sujeitos participantes, como o ensino centrado no professor, a organização do tempo, a adoção de uma prática interdisciplinar em contexto disciplinar e o cumprimento de tarefas em equipe; indicaram a necessidade de se assumir compromissos quando se considera uma perspectiva de cooperação em sala de aula, tais como o estabelecimento de um clima favorável para a aprendizagem, a disponibilização de recursos humanos, materiais e audiovisuais, o abandono de zonas de conforto e a responsabilidade pela própria aprendizagem; além disso, evidenciaram aspectos na aprendizagem potencializados pela experiência, relacionados ao desenvolvimento de conteúdos da formação para a cidadania, como a visão humanista, a argumentação crítica e a ecocidadania.

Cross-layer optimizations for multimedia distribution over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks and Flying Ad-Hoc Networks with quality of experience support

The proliferation of multimedia content and the demand for new audio or video services have fostered the development of a new era based on multimedia information, which allowed the evolution of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) and also Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs). In this way, live multimedia services require realtime video transmissions with a low frame loss rate, tolerable end-to-end delay, and jitter to support video dissemination with Quality of Experience (QoE) support. Hence, a key principle in a QoE-aware approach is the transmission of high priority frames (protect them) with a minimum packet loss ratio, as well as network overhead. Moreover, multimedia content must be transmitted from a given source to the destination via intermediate nodes with high reliability in a large scale scenario. The routing service must cope with dynamic topologies caused by node failure or mobility, as well as wireless channel changes, in order to continue to operate despite dynamic topologies during multimedia transmission. Finally, understanding user satisfaction on watching a video sequence is becoming a key requirement for delivery of multimedia content with QoE support. With this goal in mind, solutions involving multimedia transmissions must take into account the video characteristics to improve video quality delivery. The main research contributions of this thesis are driven by the research question how to provide multimedia distribution with high energy-efficiency, reliability, robustness, scalability, and QoE support over wireless ad hoc networks. The thesis addresses several problem domains with contributions on different layers of the communication stack. At the application layer, we introduce a QoE-aware packet redundancy mechanism to reduce the impact of the unreliable and lossy nature of wireless environment to disseminate live multimedia content. At the network layer, we introduce two routing protocols, namely video-aware Multi-hop and multi-path hierarchical routing protocol for Efficient VIdeo transmission for static WMSN scenarios (MEVI), and cross-layer link quality and geographical-aware beaconless OR protocol for multimedia FANET scenarios (XLinGO). Both protocols enable multimedia dissemination with energy-efficiency, reliability and QoE support. This is achieved by combining multiple cross-layer metrics for routing decision in order to establish reliable routes.

New strategies for planning and performance evaluation of wireless networks: case studies based on the cross-layer approach

The use of wireless local area networks, called WLANs, as well as the proliferation of the use of multimedia applications have grown rapidly in recent years. Some factors affect the quality of service (QoS) received by the user and interference is one of them. This work presents strategies for planning and performance evaluation through an empirical study of the QoS parameters of a voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) application in an interference network, as well as the relevance in the design of wireless networks to determine the coverage area of an access point, taking into account several parameters such as power, jitter, packet loss, delay, and PMOS. Another strategy is based on a hybrid approach that considers measuring and Bayesian inference applied to wireless networks, taking into consideration QoS parameters. The models take into account a cross layer vision of networks, correlating aspects of the physical environment, on the signal propagation (power or distance) with aspects of VoIP applications (e.g., jitter and packet loss). Case studies were carried out for two indoor environments and two outdoor environments, one of them displaying main characteristics of the Amazon region (e.g., densely arboreous environments). This last test bed was carried out in a real system because the Government of the State of Pará has a digital inclusion program called NAVEGAPARÁ.