O paradigma da inclusão no curso de pedagogia do IFPA: o projeto formativo em debate

A Formação do Pedagogo1 para atuar em uma escola inclusiva é um tema que envolve muito mais que uma análise do processo formativo desenvolvido pelas Instituições de Ensino Superior; Ela abrange, também, uma concepção política e social que orientam os princípios norteadores da política educacional. O objeto de estudo desta dissertação destaca “O paradigma da inclusão no curso de pedagogia do IFPA: O projeto formativo em debate”. A pesquisa ocorre com o propósito de analisar o processo formativo que vem sendo desenvolvido no curso de Pedagogia mantido pelo IFPA, em Belém, para o desenvolvimento de um perfil profissional inclusivo, que atenda, além da política da educação especial, aquelas que atendem ao negro, ao indígena, aos jovens e aos adultos, entre outras. Para tanto, a pesquisa se desenvolve sob o paradigma qualitativo, na abordagem do materialismo histórico e dialético, relacionando as influências econômicas, políticas e sociais que interferem na construção das prescrições oficiais orientadoras da política educacional. A metodologia da pesquisa é a do estudo de caso, a fim de ser possível inferir como vem ocorrendo a formação do Pedagogo. As fontes foram colhidas por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. O tratamento do material colhido ocorreu por meio da técnica da Análise de Conteúdo, conforme as orientações de Franco. A importância da pesquisa se dá na possibilidade de apresentar à academia e à sociedade como a legislação educacional tem sido compreendida e aplicada pelas Instituições de Ensino no sentido de desenvolver um perfil profissional inclusivo nos estudantes do Curso de Pedagogia, a fim de que estejam, ao final do curso, aptos para atuar em uma escola inclusiva. Esta pesquisa tem como referência inicial o projeto “Cartografia da Educação Especial nos Cursos de Licenciatura das Instituições Públicas de Ensino do Estado do Pará”, cuja intenção é elaborar indicadores da política educacional especial/inclusiva, promovida pelas Instituições de Ensino Superior – IES Públicas, coordenada pelo Prof. Dr. Genylton Odilon Rego da Rocha, líder do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Currículo e Formação de Professores na Perspectiva da Inclusão, INCLUDERE.

Genetical-demographic data from two amazonian populations composed of descendants of african slaves: Pacoval and Curiau

The Amazon region of Brazil includes communities founded by escaped slaves, some of which still remain relatively isolated. We studied two such Afro-Brazilian communities (Pacoval and Curiau), in the rural area of Alenquer, Pará, and in the metropolitan region of Macapá, Amapá, respectively. Among 12 blood loci, alleles considered as markers of African ancestry, such as HBB*S, HBB*C, TF*D1, HP*2M, ABO*B, RH*D-, and CA2*2 were found at frequencies that are expected for populations with a predominantly African origin. Estimates of interethnic admixture indicated that the degree of the African component in Curiau (74%) is higher than that of Pacoval (44%); an Amerindian contribution was not detected in Curiau. Estimated values of African ancestry fit well with the degree of isolation and mobility of the communities. Pacoval exhibited a high proportion of immigrants among the parents and grandparents of the individuals studied, whereas persons living in Curiau exhibited a low level of mobility, despite its location in the metropolitan area of Macapá city, suggesting a relatively strong barrier against the interethnic admixture in this population. In addition, analysis of genetic data in a sub-sample consisting of individuals whose parents and grandparents were born in the study site, and that probably represents the populations two generations ago, indicated that gene flow from non-black people is not a recent event in both populations.

Mitochondrial DNA mapping of social-biological interactions in Brazilian Amazonian African-descendant populations

ABSTRACT: The formation of the Brazilian Amazonian population has historically involved three main ethnic groups, Amerindian, African and European. This has resulted in genetic investigations having been carried out using classical polymorphisms and molecular markers. To better understand the genetic variability and the micro-evolutionary processes acting in human groups in the Brazilian Amazon region we used mitochondrial DNA to investigate 159 maternally unrelated individuals from five Amazonian African-descendant communities. The mitochondrial lineage distribution indicated a contribution of 50.2% from Africans (L0, L1, L2, and L3), 46.6% from Amerindians (haplogroups A, B, C and D) and a small European contribution of 1.3%. These results indicated high genetic diversity in the Amerindian and African lineage groups, suggesting that the Brazilian Amazonian African-descendant populations reflect a possible population amalgamation of Amerindian women from different Amazonian indigenous tribes and African women from different geographic regions of Africa who had been brought to Brazil as slaves. The present study partially mapped the historical biological and social interactions that had occurred during the formation and expansion of Amazonian African-descendant communities.

Pharmacogenetic polymorphisms in Brazilian-born, first-generation japanese descendants

Brazil hosts the largest Japanese community outside Japan, estimated at 1.5 million individuals, one third of whom are first-generation, Brazilian-born with native Japanese parents. This large community provides a unique opportunity for comparative studies of the distribution of pharmacogenetic polymorphisms in native Japanese versus their Brazilian-born descendants. Functional polymorphisms in genes that modulate drug disposition (CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and GSTM3) or response (VKORC1) and that differ significantly in frequency in native Japanese versus Brazilians with no Japanese ancestry were selected for the present study. Healthy subjects (200 native Japanese and 126 first-generation Japanese descendants) living in agricultural colonies were enrolled. Individual DNA was genotyped using RFLP (GSTM3*A/B) or TaqMan Detection System assays (CYP2C9*2 and *3; CYP2C19*2 and *3; VKORC1 3673G>A, 5808T>G, 6853G>C, and 9041G>A). No difference was detected in the frequency of these pharmacogenetic polymorphisms between native Japanese and first-generation Japanese descendants. In contrast, significant differences in the frequency of each polymorphism were observed between native or first-generation Japanese and Brazilians with no Japanese ancestry. The VKORC1 3673G>A, 6853G>C and 9041G>A single nucleotide polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium in both native and first-generation Japanese living in Brazil. The striking similarity in the frequency of clinically relevant pharmacogenetic polymorphisms between Brazilian-born Japanese descendants and native Japanese suggests that the former may be recruited for clinical trials designed to generate bridging data for the Japanese population in the context of the International Conference on Harmonization.

Allele frequency distributions of six hypervariable loci (D1S80, APOB, D4S43, vW1, F13A and DYS19) in two African-Brazilian communities from the Amazon region

ABSTRACT: The allele frequency distributions of three VNTR (D1S80, APOB and D4S43) and three STR (vW1, F13A1 and DYS19) loci were investigated in two Afro-Brazilian populations from the Amazon: Curiau and Pacoval. Exact tests for population differentiation revealed significant differences in allele frequency between populations only for the D1S80 and APOB loci. A statistically significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed only in the D1S80 locus of the Pacoval sample. A neighbor-joining tree was constructed based on DA genetic distances of allele frequencies in four Afro-Brazilian populations from the Amazon (Pacoval, Curiau, Trombetas, and Cametá), along with those from Congo, Cameroon, Brazilian Amerindians, and Europeans. This analysis revealed the usefulness of these Amp-FLPs for population studies - African and African-derived populations were closely grouped, and clearly separated from Amerindians and Europeans. Estimates of admixture components based on the gene identity method revealed the prevalence of the African component in both populations studied, amounting to 51% in Pacoval, and to 43% in Curiau. The Amerindian component was also important in both populations (37% in Pacoval, and 24% in Curiau). The European component reached 33% in Curiau.