Sistema de controle baseado em lógica fuzzy para regulagem de temperatura em aquecedor de óleo térmico da planta de anodo verde da Albrás

Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados de uma técnica que permitiu implementar a estratégia de controle de temperatura do aquecedor de óleo térmico da fabrica de Anodo Verde da Albrás Alumínio Brasileiro S/A. No projeto utilizou-se um sistema hierarquizado baseado em conjuntos e lógica Fuzzy. O uso dessa metodologia fez com que o sistema fosse capaz de reagir adequadamente diante das variações do ponto de operação do aquecedor, pois o controle Fuzzy exibe algumas características do aprendizado humano, sendo considerado um exemplo de inteligência artificial. O aquecedor de óleo térmico é fundamental no processo de fabricação de blocos inódicos, utilizados como pólo positivo no processo de eletrólise na obtenção do alumínio primário. O sistema de óleo térmico aquece os misturadores e pré-aquecedor de coque, mantendo a temperatura desses equipamentos dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela engenharia de processo. A variável temperatura impacta diretamente na energia de mistura da pasta e na qualidade do produto final, que é o bloco anódico. A metodologia apresentada permitiu alcançar um controle de temperatura que atendeu satisfatoriamente os parâmetros de processo. O programa foi desenvolvido em linguagem ladder é executado em controladores lógicos programáveis (CLP’S) da Rockwell Automation. O controle já está em plena operação nas fábricas de anodos e os resultados obtidos demonstram a eficácia e viabilidade do sistema, que futuramente estará sendo implementado no controle de outros equipamentos da Albrás.

Clinical, epidemiological, and therapeutic profile of dermatophytosis

BACKGROUND: The cutaneous mycoses, mainly caused by dermatophyte fungi, are among the most common fungal infections worldwide. It is estimated that 10% to 15% of the population will be infected by a dermatophyte at some point in their lives, thus making this a group of diseases with great public health importance. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical, epidemiological, and therapeutic profile of dermatophytosis in patients enrolled at the Dermatology service of Universidade do Estado do Pará, Brazil, from July 2010 to September 2012. METHOD: A total of 145 medical records of patients diagnosed with dermatophytosis were surveyed. Data were collected and subsequently recorded according to a protocol developed by the researchers. This protocol consisted of information regarding epidemiological and clinical aspects of the disease and the therapy employed. RESULTS: The main clinical form of dermatophyte infection was onychomycosis, followed by tinea corporis, tinea pedis, and tinea capitis. Furthermore, the female population and the age group of 51 to 60 years were the most affected. Regarding therapy, there was a preference for treatments that combine topical and systemic drugs, and the most widely used drugs were fluconazole (systemic) and ciclopirox olamine (topical). CONCLUSION: This study showed the importance of recurrent analysis of the epidemiological profile of dermatophytosis to enable correct therapeutic and preventive management of these conditions, which have significant clinical consequences, with chronic, difficult-totreat lesions that can decrease patient quality of life and cause disfigurement.

Dermatophytosis diagnosed at the Evandro Chagas Institute, Pará, Brazil

Dermatophytosis is caused by a dermatophyte fungus that affects the stratum corneum and keratinized tissue. Dermatophyte fungus has been reported worldwide as the causative agent of dermatophytosis, but the etio-epidemiological aspects of these mycoses in the state of Pará remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe the etio-epidemiological profile of dermatophytosis diagnosed in patients at the Evandro Chagas Institute from May 2005 to June 2006. A total of 494 patients were admitted, and their samples were collected, submitted for direct microscopic examination using 20% KOH and cultured in Sabouraud and Mycosel medium. The identification was based in macro and microscopic characteristics. Direct examinations were positive in 13% (66/494) of the patients, and agent isolation by cultivation of the biological sample was successful in 4% (20/494), with a high prevalence of T. mentagrophytes (40%; 8/20). Dermatophytosis was more frequent in women (58%; 38/66). Fifty-two percent (21/38) of the cases were children with an average age of 8 years. The most frequent clinical presentation was Tinea corporis (55%, 36/66). For the cases in which the dermatophyte agent was not isolated, we discuss the factors that may be interfering with isolation. Tinea corporis occurred more frequently observed when T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum were the major etiologic agents.