The fiscal impact of trade liberalization and commodity price fluctuation: the case of Dominican Republic, 1980-1998

Includes bibliography

Trade and investment flows between the Caribbean and the rest of the hemisphere in the context of the FTAA

Includes bibliography

The Netherlands Antilles: trade and integration with CARICOM

Introduction The Netherlands Antilles is an autonomous entity within the Kingdom of the Netherlands and comprises a federation of five Caribbean islands: Bonaire and Curacao (the Leeward islands) which comprise 80 per cent of the population of 211,000 and Saba, St. Eustatius and the southern part of St. Maarten (the Windward islands). Like the other countries in the Kingdom, it enjoys full autonomy in internal matters as, for example, education, public health, justice and customs. It has a per capita income of about US$ 12,000. The Leeward Islands and the Windward Islands account for about 75 per cent (Curacao (70 per cent) and Bonaire (5 per cent)) and 25 percent respectively of the economy of the Netherlands Antilles. The Netherlands Antilles has its own currency, the Netherlands guilder, which is pegged to the United States dollar at a fixed rate since 1971. The economy has some unique features that stem from its close relations with the Netherlands, its undiversified nature and heavy dependence on tourism, offshore finance, oil refining and shipping, the high share of trade (exports of goods and services of about 75 per cent of GDP), its geographical characteristics, its common border with the French Republic on St. Maarten, its duty-free access for imports from Aruba, its de facto free trade zone (FTZ), partial dollarization, especially for the Windward Islands, and its highly regulated labor market (1). Adverse economic shocks in the last two decades affected particularly the offshore financial sector and the oil refinery and, to a lesser extent, tourism. The repeal of withholding taxes in the United States in the 1980s indirectly caused the collapse of a number of highly profitable offshore financial activities in Curacao, leading to significant drops in government revenue and contributions to foreign exchange earnings. The withdrawal of Shell from Curacao in 1986 and the (temporary) closure of the oil refinery which had been a mainstay of the Curacao economy for almost three quarters of a century was the second major shock. It was subsequently leased to the Venezuelan State Company, Petroleos de Venezuela Sociedad Anonima (PDVSA), which resumed operations and preserved employment. In the 1990s, the Windward Islands were bit by several devastating hurricanes, which destroyed much of the economic infrastructure on the islands, including about half of the number of available hotel rooms in St Maarten. Further negative shocks were related to the discontinuation of certain trade privileges on European markets for Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs), the withdrawal by the Netherlands of certain tax privileges for Dutch pensioners residing in the Netherlands Antilles and disruptions in the availability of Solidarity Fund resources for the smaller islands. National income has been on the decline since 1997. GDP declined by about 6 per cent between 1997 and 1999. Underlying fiscal imbalances and structural weaknesses have also impacted negatively on the economy. In recent years, with recession high unemployment and migration have been experienced (2). The Netherlands Antilles has been able to survive thanks to additional aid from the Netherlands, large-scale spontaneous emigration (mostly to the Netherlands), some drop in international reserves, an increase in domestic debt and arrears and reduced outlays for the maintenance of public assets. From 1986 onwards, successive efforts at restoring macroeconomic balance, particularly with regard to public finance, were made, but were unsuccessful. Adjustment was also attempted in 1996 and 1997, but failed to meet the desired targets. In 1999, the government launched a new National Recovery Plan" (NRP). The NRP contains important medium-term structural adjustment measures aimed at restoring macroeconomic balance and conditions for revitalizing the economy. The NRP subsequently served as an important input into a comprehensive adjustment plan drawn up with the assistance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and reflected in the government's Memorandum of Economic Policies dated 15 September 2000. Beyond restoring macroeconomic balance and reforming the economic incentive framework, the government aims at establishing a Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF) for the formulation and implementation of a sustainable long-term growth strategy. It is against the above background that this study is undertaken. Its main objective is to assess the integration options facing the Netherlands Antilles (3) vis-a-vis the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). A secondary objective is to examine the above taking into account, inter alia, the level of trade between the Netherlands Antilles and CARICOM, the barriers to trade between the two groups of countries and the requirements for increasing trade between the two groups of countries. The Consultant was given an initial Draft Terms of Reference (Annex 1) with the intention of modifying it in the course of the interviews with all the stakeholders. The main idea that emerged from these interviews was a concern with some possible form of association with CARICOM. The Consultant was asked to exam the costs and benefits of various forms of association and to recommend an option. This adjustment of the Terms of Reference (TOR) was substantial and involved the Consultant having to do some interviews and collect documentation in CARICOM. The study essentially revolves around the search for a road map for the Netherlands Antilles. It is tackled in the first instance by describing the existing system of trade of the Netherlands Antilles with a view to determining the import and export structures and the specific nature and extent of trade in goods and services between the Netherlands Antilles and CARICOM. 1 Netherlands Antilles: Elements of a Strategy for Economic Recovery and Sustainable Growth. Interim Report of the World Bank Mission, 5-20 December 2000. 2 IMF, IMF Country Report No. 01/73 Kingdom of the Netherlands-Netherlands Antilles-Recent Development, Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix. May 2001 3 The Netherlands Antilles is a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It contains five islands. Curacao and Bonaire (Leewards) and St Eustatius, Saba and St Maarten (The Windwards)"

United States-Latin America and the Caribbean trade developments, 2002

This document provides an overview of the most relevant developments in United States trade policy relating to Latin America and the Caribbean in 2002. U.S. policy continued to promote trade liberalization through advancing negotiations on multiple fronts- globally (WTO), regionally (FTAA) and bilaterally or sub regionally- with a view that the various negotiations are mutually reinforcing and seek to create a constructive competition for liberalization" among trade partners. The passage of Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) included in the Trade Act of August 2002 enhanced the U.S. Administration's ability to negotiate trade agreements. It provided an impetus to conclude bilateral negotiations with Chile as well as to advance a number of trade agreements currently under negotiation, including negotiations toward the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and bilateral negotiations with Central America. The Trade Act also renewed the Generalized System of Preferences, extended the Caribbean Trade Partnership Act by liberalizing apparel provisions and augmented the Andean Trade Preference Act, increasing the list of duty free products. On the multilateral front, in partial fulfillment of the Doha mandate, the U.S. tabled in 2002 two comprehensive proposals for the reduction of trade barriers on agricultural and non-agricultural goods. Along with these trade liberalizing proposals, the U.S. Administration imposed temporary safeguard measures on key steel products to provide relief to the sectors of the steel industry that have been most affected by import surges. In addition, the U.S. Congress passed the 2002 Farm Security and Rural Investment Act that substantially increased U.S. domestic farm subsidies to shield domestic farm producers from competition from subsidized products from abroad."

Regional integration in Latin America, globalization and South-South trade

Includes bibliography

The United States and Latin America and the Caribbean: highlights of economy and trade

Document prepared on the occasion of the visit of President Barack Obama to Brazil, Chile and El Salvador in March 2011

Trade Facilitation in Mercosur - the Most Important Regulatory Advances

As mentioned in FAL Bulletin No 167, "trade facilitation" is still a relatively imprecise concept covering a wide variety of topics, such as: customs issues; technical norms relating to quality standars and control of plant and normal diseases; transport; commercial information interchange and a variety of trade-related services.This broad scope means that an analysis of trade facilitation at the level of an individual country or trade agreement, entails obtaining data froma variety of public bodies, since they are not centralized. Studying trade facilitation in Mercosur is quite complex, given its considerable organizational decentralization and the geographic dispersal of the operations of its different bodies.This edition of our Bulletin covers progress achieved on customs issues and on technical standards and quality control.

Global value chains and world trade: Prospects and challenges for Latin America

Foreword by Alicia Bárcena.

Revista CEPAL no. 114

1. Aspectos de la evolución reciente de los mercados laborales de América Latina y el Caribe / Jürgen Weller .-- 2. Participación del ingreso laboral en el ingreso total en América Latina, 1990-2010 / Martín Abeles, Verónica Amarante y Daniel Vega .-- 3. América Latina: productividad total de los factores y su descomposición / Jair Andrade Araujo, Débora Gaspar Feitosa y Almir Bittencourt da Silva .-- 4. Restricciones financieras del desarrollo económico: teoría y políticas para los países en desarrollo / Jennifer Hermann .-- 5. La incursión de China en el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (tlcan) y sus efectos en el comercio intraindustrial / Jorge Alberto López A., Óscar Rodil M. y Saúl Valdez G. .-- 6. Trabajo, familia y cambios en la política pública en América Latina: equidad, maternalismo y corresponsabilidad / Merike Blofield y Juliana Martínez F. .-- 7. Impacto del tipo de cambio real en los sectores industriales de Colombia: una primera aproximación / Lya Paola Sierra y Karina Manrique L. .-- 8. Inserción global, desarticulación y competitividad en el sector electromecánico de México: un análisis estructural / Raúl Vázquez López .-- 9. Construyendo capacidades tecnológicas en escenarios inestables: empresas manufactureras argentinas y brasileñas / Anabel Marín, Lilia Stubrin y María Amelia Gibbons .-- 10. Índice de inestabilidad política del Brasil, 1889-2009 / Jaime Jordan Costantini y Mauricio Vaz Lobo Bittencourt.

An assessment of the performance of CARICOM extraregional trade agreements: An initial scoping exercise

Despite its active embrace of trade liberalization and the maintainance of relatively open economies, CARICOM trade performance both within the region and extraregionally has been poor. The nexus between bilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), Partial Scope Agreements (PSAs) and preferential trade arrangements, which was intended to assist in compensating for the small size of domestic and regional markets, while providing an additional tier of trade and economic integration, has thus far failed to deliver its intended results. This paper makes this conclusion in assessing the performance of these extraregional trade agreements and sheds light on issues not often discussed.

Economic relations of Brazil and the United States and the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative

Includes bibliography

Relaciones económicas Brasil-Estados Unidos y la liberalización del comercio en el Hemisferio Occidental

Incluye Bibliografía

La conformación del Area de Libre Comercio de las Américas, ALCA: aspectos institucionales y comerciales

Resumen En la Cumbre de las Américas, celebrada en Miami en diciembre de 1994 se acordó establecer un Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas (ALCA), a fin de crear un espacio continental de libre comercio antes del 2005. Desde una perspectiva institucional, el ALCA reconoce sus antecedentes en la Iniciativa de las Américas (IA), que privilegiaba las negociaciones entre grupos de países, en detrimento de las bilaterales. En un principio se había planteado como una propuesta de profundizar las reformas económicas implantadas por los países latinoamericanos con objeto de abrir sus economías a la competencia externa y permitir que el mercado se transformara en el principal asignador de recursos. El ALCA representa el más importante acuerdo de integración regional firmado entre países desarrollados y no desarrollados con miras a establecer el libre flujo comercial entre sus economías. Coherente con las disposiciones multilaterales de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC), el acuerdo pretende incorporar a la negociación la inversión en bienes y servicios siguiendo reglas comerciales definidas y transparentes; compras del sector público y políticas de competencia; y sentar las bases para la inclusión de temas tales como la agricultura y acceso a mercados, servicios e inversión, políticas de competencia y subsidios, procedimientos antidumping y derechos compensatorios. La actual estructura de negociación se compone de la presidencia, el comité de negociaciones comerciales, los grupos de negociación y el grupo consultivo sobre economías pequeñas. Los beneficios comerciales del ALCA se han concebido utilizando el análisis tradicional de las uniones aduaneras de creación y desviación de comercio, aunque se reconoce que este acuerdo, único en la historia, puede tener consecuencias impredecibles. Entre los obstáculos a su pleno cumplimiento sobresalen la ausencia de una política definida de 'vía rápida' y de un liderazgo significativo. Entre los posibles escenarios de conformación del ALCA, se distingue entre uno real, en el que los países pequeños y grandes cumplen con los compromisos adoptados, y otro llamado formal, en el que el ALCA se integra de manera incompleta por la ausencia de países o de algún país clave, por lo que carecería de significado político y económico. En el plano económico el ALCA se concibe como una unidad geográfica con 757 millones de personas, un producto interno bruto (PIB) de 8 billones de dólares y un comercio total de 2.4 billones de dólares. Uno de los fines de la creación de un área de libre comercio apunta al aprovechamiento del potencial del comercio intramericano. En principio, dicho potencial así como su materialización se reflejarían en la intensidad esperada de un intercambio comercial bilateral desde un país exportador hacia un país importador. A su vez la intensidad puede medirse mediante el grado de correspondencia o similitud entre la composición de las exportaciones e importaciones de los países del hemisferio americano. Este análisis de similitud puede llevarse a cabo entre países grandes y pequeños. En este documento se analiza en dos grandes apartados la institucionalidad del ALCA y el potencial del comercio vinculado con dicho tratado. Los aspectos institucionales incluyen los antecedentes del acuerdo 1, la estructura significativa actual, los beneficios derivados del comercio y los posibles escenarios de conformación del ALCA. Los aspectos económicos se centran en el cálculo de indicadores de similitud en los flujos comerciales de los países, utilizando una muestra de 15 miembros que integrarían el ALCA. Entre éstos no se incluyó a los Estados Unidos porque su estrecha relación comercial con los latinoamericanos podría sesgar los resultados obtenidos. Así, los indicadores de similitud en los flujos comerciales internacionales se limitarían a reflejar la intensidad comercial de países latinoamericanos seleccionados en ausencia de vínculos comerciales con los Estados Unidos. La metodololgía seguida es la propuesta por Van Beers y Linnemann (1993). Una vez obtenidos los indicadores de similitud por país y luego estos mismos a nivel de capítulo, se procedió a estimar su poder explicativo de los flujos comerciales actuales utilizando ecuaciones de gravedad.

The Latin American Pacific Basin initiative and the Asia-Pacific region

Includes bibliography