Influence of different routes of flush perfusion on the distribution of lung preservation solutions in parenchyma and airways

Objective: The present study was performed to investigate the influence of different routes of perfusion on the distribution of the preservation solutions in the lung parenchyma and upper airways. Methods: Pigs were divided into four groups: control (n = 6), pulmonary artery (PA) (n = 6), simultaneous PA + bronchial artery (BA) (n = 8), and retrograde delivery (n = 6). After preparation and cannulation, cardioplegia solution and Euro- Collins solution (ECS) for lung preservation were given simultaneously. After removal of the heart, the double lung bloc was harvested. Following parameters were assessed: total and regional perfusion (dye-labeled microspheres), tissue water content, PA, aorta, left atrial and left ventricular pressures, cardiac output and lung temperature. Results: Our data show that flow of the ECS in lung parenchyma did not reach control values (9.4 ± 1.0 ml/min per g lung wet weight) regardless of the route of delivery (PA 6.3 ± 1.5, PA + BA 4.8 ± 0.9, retrograde 2.7 ± 0.9 ml/min per g lung wet weight). However, flow in the proximal and distal trachea were significantly increased by PA + BA delivery (0.970 ± 0.4, respectively, 0.380 ± 0.2 ml/min per g) in comparison with PA (0.023 ± 0.007, respectively, 0.024 ± 0.070 ml/min per g), retrograde (0.009 ± 0.003, respectively, 0.021 ± 0.006 ml/min per g) and control experiments (0.125 ± 0.0018, respectively, 0.105 ± 0.012 ml/g per min). Similarly the highest flow rates in the right main bronchus were achieved by PA + BA delivery (1.04 ± 0.4 ml/min per g) in comparison with 0.11 ± 0.03 in control, 0.033 ± 0.008 in PA, and 0.019 ± 0.005 ml/min per g in retrograde group. Flows in the left main bronchus were 0.09 ± 0.02 ml/min per g in control, 0.045 ± 0.012 ml/min per g in PA, and 0.027 ± 0.006 ml/min per g in retrograde group. The flow rates were significantly (P = 0.001) increased by PA + BA delivery of the storage solution (0.97 ± 0.3 ml/min per g). Conclusions: Our data show that the distribution of ECS for lung preservation is significantly improved in airway tissues (trachea and bronchi) if a simultaneous PA + BA delivery is used.

Eficácia da solução de cloreto de sódio a 7,5% com e sem dextran 70 a 6% na preservação da função renal de cães hipovolêmicos submetidos à isquemia-reperfusão

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As soluções hipertônicas de cloreto de sódio, associadas ou não a colóides hiperoncóticos, podem ser eficazes em proteger o rim em situações de hipovolemia. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar, em cães, o real benefício dessas soluções sobre a função renal, em vigência de hipovolemia e isquemia do órgão. MÉTODO: em 24 cães, anestesiados com pentobarbital sódico, submetidos à nefrectomia direita e à expansão volêmica com solução de Ringer (1 ml.kg-1.min-1), foram observadas possíveis alterações renais morfo-funcionais após hemorragia de 20 ml.kg-1 e trinta minutos de total isquemia renal esquerda, com posterior reperfusão, além da repercussão renal da administração de soluções de cloreto de sódio 7,5% (SH) e esta em dextran 70 a 6% (SHD). Atributos estudados: FC, PAM, pressão de veia cava inferior, fluxo sangüíneo renal, resistência vascular renal, hematócrito, Na+, K+, osmolaridade plasmática, PaO2, PaCO2 e pH, depuração (para-aminohipurato de sódio - PAH-1, creatinina, osmolar, água livre, Na+, K+), fração de filtração, volume e osmolaridade urinários, excreções urinárias e fracionárias de Na+ e K+ e exame histopatológico do rim. Os atributos foram estudados em três grupos (G1, G2 e G3) e em cinco momentos. RESULTADOS: Houve elevação estatisticamente significativa da pressão arterial média em G2 e G3, da resistência vascular renal em G1, do fluxo sangüíneo renal e da depuração de PAH em G3, da excreção fracionária de Na+ em G2 e G3, das depurações de creatinina, osmolar, de água livre e de Na+ e K+, da excreção urinária de Na+ e K+ e do volume urinário em G3. CONCLUSÕES: A SHD administrada 15 minutos após hemorragia moderada e 30 minutos antes de insulto isquêmico de 30 minutos foi eficiente em proteger o rim de cães das repercussões da isquemia-reperfusão. Não foi constatada alteração histopatológica renal à microscopia óptica.

Natriuresis induced by cholinergic stimulation of the locus coeruleus in the rat

Carbachol injected into the locus coeruleus (LC) induced a dose-dependent natriuresis in the rat. This natriuresis was maintained above control levels during the 120 min of urine sampling. Seizures and arterial blood pressure increase were also observed but they disappeared within 20 min after carbachol injection. Natriuresis was not obtained with either injections of carbachol outside the LC or with hypertonic solutions injected into the LC. Injection of atropine into the LC blocked the natriuresis induced by carbachol. In summary, our data show that carbachol induces natriuresis by an action on muscarinic receptors located in the LC region. © 1990.

Antagonism produced by hypertonic nutrient solutions on the depressive effect of carbofuran on isolated guinea pig atria

The action of hyperosmotic nutrient solutions on the depressive effects of carbofuran was studied on spontaneously contracting guinea pig atria. The force and frequency of contraction were recorded using an isotonic lever. Carbofuran 33.0 mu g ml(-1) produced a gradual depressive effect. The time for stabilization of the depressive effect was 6.0+/-2.3 min. After the depressive effect of carbofuran was established, NaCI, mannitol, or urea were introduced into the organ bath to increase the osmolarity of the nutrient solution to about 100 mosmol kg(-1) of water. This resulted in a reversal of the contraction force and frequency to the initial levels. The addition of the osmotic agents at the same concentrations before the addition of 33.0 mu g ml(-1) carbofuran avoided its depressive effect on guinea pig atria. (C) 1996 the Italian Pharmacological Society.

The early systemic and gastrointestinal oxygenation effects of hemorrhagic shock resuscitation with hypertonic saline and hypertonic saline 6% dextran-70: A comparative study in dogs

The smaller volemic state from hypertonic (7.5%) saline (HS) solution administration in hemorrhagic shock can determine lesser systemic oxygen delivery and tissue oxygenation than conventional plasma expanders. In a model of hemorrhagic shock in dogs, we studied the systemic and gastrointestinal oxygenation effects of HS and hyperoncotic (6%) dextran-70 in combination with HS (HSD) solutions in comparison with lactated Ringer's (LR) and (6%) hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions. Forty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and subjected to splenectomy. A gastric air tonometer was placed. in the stomach for intramucosal gastric CO2 (Pgco(2)) determination and for the calculation of intramucosal. pH (pHi):[pHi = pHa - log(Pgco(2)/Paco(2))].The dogs were hemorrhaged (42% of blood volume) to hold mean arterial blood pressure at 40-50 mm Hg over 30 min and were then resuscitated with LR (n = 12) in a 3:1 relation to removed blood volume; HS (n = 12), 6 mL / kg; HSD (n = 12), 6 mL / kg; and HES (mean molecular weight, 200 kDa; degree of substitution, 0.5) (n = 12) in a 1:1 relation to the removed blood volume. Hemodynamic, systemic, and gastric oxygenation variables were measured at baseline, after 30 min of hemorrhage, and 5, 60, and 120 min after intravascular fluid resuscitation. After fluid resuscitation, HS showed significantly lower arterial pH and mixed venous Po-2 and higher systemic oxygen uptake index and systemic oxygenation extraction than LR and HES (P < 0.05), whereas HSD showed significantly lower arterial pH than LR and HES (P < 0.05). Only HS and HSD did not return arterial pH and pHi to control levels (P < 0.05). In conclusion, all solutions improved systemic and gastrointestinal oxygenation after hemorrhagic shock in dogs. However, the HS solution showed the worst response in comparison to LR and HES solutions in relation to systemic oxygenation, whereas HSD showed intermediate values. HS and HSD solutions did not return regional oxygenation to control values.

The Effects of 6% Hydroxyethyl Starch-Hypertonic Saline in Resuscitation of Dogs with Hemorrhagic Shock

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Ingestion of hypertonic NaCl vs. palatable drinks by sodium-depleted rats

This work investigated whether the preference for NaCl solution is shifted to more palatable solutions in the adult male sodium-depleted rat (n=6-10 per group). Animals had daily access to three bottles, one containing water, another 1.8% NaCl (300 mM), and a third containing 0.9% NaCl (150 mM), Gatorade (orange-OG or grape flavored-GG), orange juice (sweetened or unsweetened, from concentrate), or 10% sucrose (no sodium). Sodium content in Gatorade and orange juice ranged from 7 to 14 mEq/l. Daily intakes were recorded for at least 5 days prior to sodium depletion. Then, the animals were depleted of sodium (diuretic plus sodium-deficient diet and water for 24 h). Then, the other two bottles were returned to the animals and the intakes were recorded for 120 min (sodium preference test, SPT). Daily intake from the third bottle (except for unsweetened orange juice) at least doubled the daily 1.8% NaCl intake. The average 1.8% NaCl intake (13 +/- 2 ml) in the SPT was higher than the intake of 10% sucrose (6 +/- 1 ml) or of any other solution (less than 6 ml). The intakes of 1.8% NaCl and 0.9% NaCl (10 +/- 3 ml) were similar during the SPT. The animals also preferred 0.9% NaCl (27 +/- 1 ml) to OG (3 +/- 1 ml) in the absence of 1.8% NaCl in the SPT. Therefore, the preference for sodium in sodium-depleted rats also applies when palatable and nutritive solutions are simultaneously available. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Polidocanol versus hypertonic glucose for sclerotherapy treatment of reticular veins of the lower limbs: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Migration of diethylhexyl phthalate from PVC bags into intravenous cyclosporine solutions

The migration of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from PVC bags into LVPS (0.9% NaCl) and LVPS with cyclosporine at concentrations of 2.5 and 0.5 mg/ml was studied. PVC bags were placed in contact with these solutions and stored at 25 1 degrees C. They were taken for analysis each 30 min during 6 h and after this period at each 1 h until 12 h of contact. Water was used as reference, and exposed and analyzed under the same conditions. After contact, the solutions were submitted to extraction with hexane and analyzed by GC-FID. The results showed that DEHP did not migrate into water and LVPS during all the time. Also, no measurable amount of DEHP was detected during the first 3 h of contact between the PVC bag and the diluted cyclosporine solution. However, the amount of released DEHP reached a detectable level after 4 It of contact, increased until 6 h, stabilized, and increased again after 9-10 h. The 12 h of contact showed the highest DEHP levels for both cyclosporine concentrations. The DEHP migrated was 0.02-0.08% of that present in the bag. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Raman and photoluminescence of Er3+-doped SnO2 obtained via the sol-gel technique from solutions with distinct pH

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Bounded solutions of fermions in the background of mixed vector-scalar inversely linear potentials

The problem of a fermion subject to a general mixing of vector and scalar potentials in a two-dimensional world is mapped into a Sturm-Liouville problem. Isolated bounded solutions are also searched. For the specific case of an inversely linear potential, which gives rise to an effective Kratzer potential in the Sturm-Liouville problem, exact bounded solutions are found in closed form. The case of a pure scalar potential with their isolated zero-energy solutions, already analyzed in a previous work, is obtained as a particular case. The behavior of the upper and lower components of the Dirac spinor is discussed in detail and some unusual results are revealed. The nonrelativistic limit of our results adds a new support to the conclusion that even-parity solutions to the nonrelativistic one-dimensional hydrogen atom do not exist. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

General solutions for some classes of interacting two field kinks

In this work we present some classes of models whose the corresponding two coupled first-order nonlinear equations can be put into a linear form, and consequently be solved completely. In these cases the so-called trial orbit method is completely unnecessary. We recall that some physically important models as, for instance, the problem of tiling a plane with a network of defects and polymer properties are in this class of models. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.